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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）03–0583–08</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.03.027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">V204郭  梦-综述</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>◇栏目名称:综述◇</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R 541.4</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>训练免疫在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Research advances on trained immunity in atherosclerosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>郭</surname><given-names>梦</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Meng</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>陈</surname><given-names>佳雨</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Jiayu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>孙</surname><given-names>振</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Zhen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><role>综述</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>谢</surname><given-names>峻</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>南京大学医学院附属南京鼓楼医院心脏科</institution>，<city>南京</city>  <postal-code>210008</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Cardiology， Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital， Affiliated Hospital of Medical School，  Nanjing University</institution>， <city>Nanjing</city>     <postal-code>210008</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>安徽医科大学 第一附属医院心脏科</institution>，<city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230022</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Cardiology， The First Affiliated  Hospital of Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>     <postal-code>230022</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Xie Jun</named-content>， E-mail： <email>xiejun@ahmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">郭  梦</named-content>，女，博士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">谢  峻</named-content>，男，博士，教授，博士生导师，通信作者，E-mail： <email>xiejun@ahmu.edu.cn</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-04T15：29：37"><day>04</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-id>14</issue-id><fpage>583</fpage><lpage>590</lpage><page-range>583-590</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received"> <day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date>  </history>  <abstract abstract-type="key-points"><p>心血管疾病（CVD），尤其是动脉粥样硬化，是全球主要的健康负担。单核细胞、巨噬细胞等先天免疫细胞在受到初次刺激后形成免疫记忆，这一现象被称为“训练免疫”。训练免疫是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病中慢性炎症的潜在机制。本文重点概述了训练免疫的效应细胞及其形成机制，包括代谢重编程和表观遗传修饰等过程，这些机制导致机体在二次刺激时出现更强烈的免疫应答。此外，文章系统总结了训练免疫在动脉粥样硬化发生与发展中的作用，并阐述了多种针对训练免疫的治疗策略及其应用前景。</p></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><p>Cardiovascular diseases （CVD）， particularly atherosclerosis， represent a major global health burden. Recent studies have revealed that innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages can develop immune memory after an initial stimulus， a phenomenon termed “trained immunity”. Growing evidence indicates that trained immunity serves as an underlying mechanism of chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on outlining the key effector cells involved in trained immunity and their mechanisms of formation， including processes such as metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications， which collectively lead to a heightened immune response upon secondary stimulation. Furthermore， this review systematically summarizes the role of trained immunity in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis， and elaborates on various therapeutic strategies targeting trained immunity along with their application prospects.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>训练免疫</kwd><kwd>固有免疫记忆</kwd><kwd>动脉粥样硬化</kwd><kwd>细胞代谢重编程</kwd><kwd>表观遗传重编程</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>trained immunity</kwd><kwd>innate immune memory</kwd><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>cellular metabolic reprogramming</kwd><kwd>epigenetic reprogramming</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>82370305</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>国家自然科学基金项目（编号：82370305）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund program  National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>82370305</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Fund program  National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 82370305）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="41"/><page-count count="8"/><word-count count="19483"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-25T09:37:04</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>心血管疾病（cardiovascular diseases， CVD）是全球首要致死致残病因。动脉粥样硬化是CVD的主要原因，其本质是一种慢性免疫炎症性疾病<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>，表现为脂蛋白在动脉壁沉积，伴随免疫细胞的聚集与活化。例如巨噬细胞会识别并吞噬氧化型低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low density lipoprotein， ox-LDL），当胆固醇过量涌入时，巨噬细胞会转变为 “泡沫细胞”，持续释放炎症因子，驱动斑块进展。</p><p>传统免疫学理论认为，免疫记忆是适应性免疫细胞的专属功能。然而，有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>表明，先天免疫细胞在接触病原体相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular patterns， PAMPs）、损伤相关分子模式（damage- associated molecular patterns， DAMPs）等刺激后，其表观遗传、代谢和功能状态发生持久性重编程，这导致细胞在二次刺激时，产生显著增强的炎症反应和功能输出，该现象被称为 “训练免疫”。本文将综述训练免疫在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展，探讨其潜在机制和临床意义，为未来研究和临床应用提供思路。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>概述</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>训练免疫的发现</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">20世纪初，有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>表明接种卡介苗（bacillus Calmette-Guerin， BCG）的儿童非结核感染病死率有所下降，这提示其可能存在超出特异性抗结核免疫的效应，但当时并未明确其背后的免疫学机制。这种类似的效应之后也在植物、无脊椎动物及脊椎动物中观察到，提示先天免疫细胞或许具备某种“记忆”能力。Netea et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>及其团队于2011年首次提出了“训练免疫”的概念，描述了先天免疫细胞在受到刺激后所产生的类似记忆的反应。2012年，人体研究证实了此概念：BCG接种后，受试者单核细胞在结核分枝杆菌或不相关病原体刺激下，γ干扰素（interferon γ，IFN-γ） 分泌量显著提高，且肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）与白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-1β等细胞因子持续增强，效应可维持至少3个月。上述现象在细胞暴露于不相关病原体，如酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌时，也可以观察到<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>，从而确立了训练免疫在人体免疫记忆中的重要地位。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>训练免疫与适应性免疫</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">训练免疫与适应性免疫是免疫系统中形成记忆的两种不同形式。适应性免疫由T、B细胞介导，具有高度特异性，通过基因重排产生多样性受体，记忆形成缓慢但持久。而训练免疫是先天免疫细胞（如单核细胞、巨噬细胞）的功能重编程，不依赖特异性受体，通过代谢与表观遗传重构等机制，使其在二次刺激时产生更强的免疫应答，反应迅速但持续时间相对较短。尽管机制不同，但两者在防御感染中紧密协同。训练免疫可为适应性免疫提供强大的炎症环境，起到“桥接与放大”作用，显著影响疾病进程。理解二者的区别与联系，将为开发新型疫苗及治疗动脉粥样硬化等慢性炎症疾病提供全新视角。</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>训练免疫的诱导物</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>表明，训练免疫不仅可以由微生物诱导，还可以由内源性刺激诱导，包括ox-LDL 、高浓度葡萄糖和儿茶酚胺等。例如，单核细胞短暂接触低浓度的ox-LDL会通过表观遗传的组蛋白修饰诱导出一种持久的促动脉粥样硬化型巨噬细胞表型，表现为促炎细胞因子生成增加以及泡沫细胞形成。在巨噬细胞中，高浓度细胞外葡萄糖通过增强糖酵解代谢途径，显著促进促炎基因表达，并增强其促动脉粥样硬化功能特性。从糖尿病小鼠模型分离的骨髓来源巨噬细胞即使在生理葡萄糖浓度条件下培养，仍持续表现出这些促炎和促动脉粥样硬化特征，这一现象表明高血糖诱导训练免疫现象<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。此外，儿茶酚胺也被证实在体外和体内均能诱导单核细胞产生持久的促炎变化<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s1d"><label>1.4</label><title>训练免疫的效应细胞</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">早期关于训练免疫的研究主要集中在先天免疫细胞，包括单核细胞、巨噬细胞以及自然杀伤（natural killer， NK）细胞。单核细胞和巨噬细胞在先天免疫过程中发挥重要作用，包括病原体清除、炎性细胞因子的产生和组织修复。当单核细胞暴露于BCG或β-葡聚糖刺激时，其能够被训练以应对微生物成分或PAMPs产生更强烈且持久的免疫应答<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。NK细胞同样具有训练免疫和记忆样表型特征。最早的证据来自O′Leary et al<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>的研究，在T、B细胞缺陷小鼠中，特定半抗原致敏后可引发抗原特异性的记忆反应，具体表现为再次刺激时的局部肿胀，且对其他半抗原无交叉反应，证实了NK细胞的抗原特异性免疫记忆能力。此外，NK细胞在接触巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus， CMV）或暴露于IL-12和IL-18后，可通过表观遗传改变长期维持高IFN-γ分泌能力。BCG疫苗接种也可诱导NK记忆样细胞，从接种疫苗的志愿者中获得的NK细胞甚至在接种疫苗后1年内显示出IFN-γ产生增强，表明BCG诱导NK细胞的持久记忆<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>然而，训练免疫并非仅局限于先天免疫细胞，在多种非免疫细胞，涵盖血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞等受到短暂刺激后，同样可以产生上述这种免疫记忆。这个概念由Cassone<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>提出，以包含非免疫细胞类型，被称为“扩展训练免疫”。虽然这一命名并未被领域内更广泛的研究群体完全采纳，但是它所描述的“非免疫细胞也具有类训练免疫现象”这一科学事实，已经得到了广泛认可和大量实验证据的支持。值得注意的是，不同细胞类型在训练免疫的诱导机制与功能输出上存在显著差异。 例如，在动脉粥样硬化背景下，内皮细胞主要响应高糖、氧化磷脂等代谢应激，通过表观遗传重编程转向促炎和促动脉粥样硬化表型<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>；而血管平滑肌细胞则更易在ox-LDL或BCG刺激下，经由雷帕霉素机制靶点（mechanistic target of rapamycin， mTOR）-缺氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia-inducible factor-1α， HIF-1α）通路增强糖酵解与炎症因子分泌，进而促进斑块不稳定性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。在类风湿关节炎中，滑膜成纤维细胞（synovial fibroblasts， SFs）通过细胞内补体C3/C3aR-mTOR-HIF-1α轴发生代谢与表观遗传重构，获得持续的迁移、侵袭及促破骨生成能力，驱动关节炎症的反复发作<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>训练免疫记忆形成的机制</title><p>训练免疫主要涉及3个关键的生物学过程：细胞代谢重编程、表观遗传重编程以及细胞功能变化<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>］</sup>。理解这些复杂的机制对于理解训练免疫现象至关重要。</p><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>细胞代谢重编程</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在训练免疫的调控机制中，代谢重编程发挥着至关重要的作用，其承担着训练免疫的诱导、维持以及调节功能。在首次遭遇刺激时，先天免疫细胞内多种代谢途径会发生显著的重新分布，包括糖酵解、三羧酸（tricarboxylic acid， TCA）循环和脂质代谢等<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>训练免疫的核心代谢特征是从氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation， OXPHOS）转变为有氧糖酵解<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>表明，虽然糖酵解通常作为厌氧条件下的主要能量来源，但在训练免疫的诱导阶段，细胞的有氧糖酵解水平显著上调。经过训练的细胞表现出耗氧量减少和葡萄糖摄取增加，伴随着糖酵解途径中关键酶的上调，包括己糖激酶2（hexokinase 2， HK2）和血小板型磷酸果糖激酶（platelet-type phosphofructokinase， PFKP）。此外，这种糖酵解的代谢转换依赖于mTOR激活和HIF-1α的上调<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>］</sup>。这一代谢重编程现象与肿瘤细胞的Warburg效应类似，即葡萄糖通过增强的糖酵解途径被大量转化为乳酸<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>，从而满足细胞在免疫激活状态下对快速能量供应的需求。类似地，BCG和ox-LDL诱导的单核细胞中也可以观察到糖酵解水平的上调<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>尽管OXPHOS受损，但TCA循环仍然部分活跃，如枸橼酸盐、琥珀酸盐、苹果酸盐和富马酸盐等关键代谢物水平升高。经过β-葡聚糖或BCG刺激的单核细胞中，谷氨酰胺分解代谢显著增强，其胞内富马酸、琥珀酸及苹果酸等中间代谢物水平升高。功能实验<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>表明，阻断谷氨酰胺向谷氨酸的转化可有效抑制训练免疫效应，而外源性地补充富马酸能够特异性诱导人源单核细胞产生训练免疫表型，凸显TCA循环在训练免疫中的重要作用。另外，甲羟戊酸是胆固醇合成的关键中间体，可通过激活胰岛素样生长因子1受体（insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor， IGF-1R）和mTOR-蛋白激酶B（ak strain transforming， Akt）依赖性糖酵解诱导训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>］</sup>。这些研究共同表明，训练免疫依赖于一个高度协调的代谢重编程网络，彼此交织，共同决定先天免疫细胞的功能重塑。</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>表观遗传重编程</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">表观遗传重编程通过对基因表达的精准调控，最终实现对细胞功能和表型的调控，从而在训练免疫过程中发挥着承上启下的核心作用（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>）。常见的参与训练免疫的表观遗传修饰包括组蛋白修饰和DNA甲基化<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>］</sup>。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.03.027.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>训练免疫常见机制的示意图</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Schematic diagram of common mechanisms in trained immunity</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="77.61111450"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="77.61111450"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="80.43333435" height="77.61111450"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p>先天免疫细胞首次暴露于炎症刺激（如β-葡聚糖、BCG）会诱导免疫相关基因中组蛋白的修饰，例如增强子区域的组蛋白3赖氨酸4单甲基化（histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation， H3K4me1）、启动子区域的H3K4三甲基化（histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation， H3K4me3）和启动子区域的H3赖氨酸27乙酰化（histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation， H3K27ac）的富集，这种富集可增强启动子和增强子区域的可及性。去除初始刺激后，H3K27ac修饰会随着时间的推移逐渐丧失，而H3K4me1和H3K4me3的富集仍然存在<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>］</sup>，以维持基因的持续激活状态。这些持续的表观遗传变化促进了免疫相关基因（如炎症细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α）的快速和强效转录，以响应随后的二次刺激。</p><p>另外，免疫记忆的形成依赖于代谢重编程和表观遗传修饰之间的协同相互作用。首先，代谢为表观遗传调控提供底物。例如，β-葡聚糖通过Akt-mTOR-HIF-1α轴驱动糖酵解，提高乙酰辅酶A的产生，随后增加促炎基因启动子处H3K4me3和H3K27ac的激活修饰。ox-LDL通过OXPHOS上调胆固醇合成，其代谢产物甲羟戊酸促进H3K4甲基化，驱动单核细胞趋向促炎表型<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">25</xref>］</sup>。其次，表观遗传机制动态调节代谢网络。例如，H3K4me3标记还存在于编码关键代谢相关蛋白（如糖酵解酶）的基因中<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">23</xref>］</sup>，这很可能有助于维持细胞代谢状态。</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>细胞功能改变</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">训练免疫通过诱导先天免疫细胞的功能重编程，显著增强其炎症输出能力。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">26</xref>］</sup>表明，经BCG或β-葡聚糖训练后的单核细胞/巨噬细胞，对二次刺激的炎症基因转录响应大幅提升。这种转录活性的增强直接诱导了关键促炎因子分泌能力的显著上调，表现为细胞因子及趋化因子的爆发性释放。这些功能增强赋予机体广谱抗感染保护能力，例如白色念珠菌和真菌细胞壁的β-葡聚糖诱导了单核细胞的功能重编程，从而在体内和体外都增强了细胞因子的产生，可有效抵抗白色念珠菌的再次感染<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">27</xref>］</sup>。然而，当训练免疫的刺激来自内源性危险信号时，同样的增强机制可能导致病理损伤。例如，经ox-LDL训练的单核细胞通过持续分泌IL-1β和促进泡沫细胞形成，显著加速动脉粥样硬化斑块的发展。更重要的是，训练免疫的影响延伸至造血与免疫细胞分化层面：驱动骨髓祖细胞的命运决定偏向髓系生成，特别是促进了粒细胞-单核细胞祖细胞（granulocyte-monocyte progenitor， GMP）向单核细胞/巨噬细胞谱系的分化。这导致循环和组织中具有促炎倾向的髓系细胞，尤其是单核细胞和巨噬细胞的比例扩增与功能增强<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">28</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>训练免疫在动脉粥样硬化中的作用</title><p>研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">29</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">30</xref>］</sup>表明，多种危险因素，包括西式饮食（western diet，WD）、糖尿病、高血压等，共同促进动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展。基于此推测，训练免疫可能调节这些危险因素，激活单核细胞和巨噬细胞，从而驱动动脉粥样硬化的进程。</p><sec id="s3a"><label>3.1</label><title>训练免疫参与动脉粥样硬化形成过程</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">31</xref>］</sup>表明，ox-LDL作为“训练免疫”刺激物，通过增加促炎细胞因子启动子上的H3K4me3修饰等表观遗传学改变，促进单核细胞促炎表型的形成。在 低密度脂蛋白受体敲除（low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout， LDLR<sup>-/-</sup>）小鼠模型中，WD会引发全身性炎症，而恢复到普通饮食后不久，血清中这种炎症就检测不出。相比之下，髓系细胞对先天刺激的反应仍普遍增强。WD引起髓系细胞的转录组和表观遗传重编程，导致髓系细胞增殖增加和先天免疫反应增强。利用ox-LDL对人类单核细胞进行预处理后再用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide， LPS）二次刺激，定量位点区域分析表明此过程依赖于核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3（nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related family pyrin domain containing 3， NLRP3）炎症小体的激活，NLRP3在WD作用后能够介导训练免疫，从而对炎症性疾病产生不良影响<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>在动脉粥样硬化的发展过程中，血管壁细胞同样表现出显著的重编程特征。内皮细胞在ox-LDL刺激下，通过氧化磷脂介导的代谢重编程（特别是糖酵解增强）获得持续的促炎和促动脉硬化表型<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">32</xref>］</sup>。类似地，血管平滑肌细胞经ox-LDL或BCG预处理后，可通过mTOR-HIF-1α信号通路激活糖酵解代谢，并显著增强促炎因子的分泌能力<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。这些重编程的血管壁细胞与活化的单核/巨噬细胞之间形成正反馈循环：活化的髓系细胞进一步刺激血管细胞，而重编程的内皮细胞和血管平滑肌细胞又为免疫细胞提供持续的炎症微环境，这种细胞间协同作用共同加速动脉斑块的进展。</p></sec><sec id="s3b"><label>3.2</label><title>训练免疫与动脉粥样硬化危险因素</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">糖尿病患者在长期病程中极易并发心血管疾病，即使进行降糖治疗，糖尿病患者的心血管风险依然显著升高。糖尿病小鼠骨髓来源的巨噬细胞依赖糖酵解机制促进炎症基因表达，将糖尿病小鼠的骨髓移植到血糖正常的 LDLR<sup>-/-</sup>小鼠体内，会增加主动脉根部的动脉粥样硬化，证实了这种与疾病相关的、持久的训练性先天免疫形式对疾病进展的影响。基因组学分析结果揭示，糖尿病诱导的造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cell， HSC）和骨髓来源巨噬细胞表现出增强的染色质可及性，其特征是组蛋白修饰（H3K4me3和H3K27ac）水平升高，转录因子RUNX1在其中起关键调节作用。同时，2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化斑块巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞的转录组中同样富含RUNX1，突显了其临床相关性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>体外实验显示，人原代单核细胞经去甲肾上腺素预处理后分化为巨噬细胞，再次接受LPS刺激时，TNF-α分泌显著增加。体内研究表明，嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤患者的单核细胞持续暴露于高水平儿茶酚胺环境后，外周血呈现髓系偏倚，炎症性单核细胞亚群（CD11b<sup>+</sup>Ly6C<sup>HIGH</sup>）扩增，循环中炎症细胞因子水平升高。转录组结果分析显示，嗜铬细胞瘤患者炎症通路基因差异表达，其启动子区H3K4me3富集，这表明体内存在“训练”过程<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。同样地，在人源单核细胞中，醛固酮也可以诱导训练免疫，其特征是经过再次刺激后，醛固酮会通过盐皮质激素受体增强单核细胞衍生巨噬细胞中炎症细胞因子的产生和活性氧的生成。</p><p>生活方式也会导致HSC的长期炎症重编程和骨髓生成，包括社会心理压力（psychological stress，PS）、睡眠不足和久坐不动等生活方式，从而加速动脉粥样硬化的发展。PS会诱导单核细胞染色质结构的重塑和转录组重编程，使其转变为一种处于准备状态的过度炎症表型。来自压力应激的小鼠和人类的单核细胞具有典型的炎症转录特征，并且在受到Toll样受体配体刺激时表现出过度反应，显示出增强的细胞因子产生能力，这与编码AKT-磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase， PI3K）和mTOR信号蛋白和炎症因子的基因表达增加以及染色质可及性增加有关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">33</xref>］</sup>。另外，睡眠中断会重塑HSC表观基因组，并促进其增殖，从而通过加速遗传漂变来减少造血克隆的多样性。睡眠碎片化会对HSC的表观基因组产生持久影响，使细胞倾向于髓系命运，并为细胞引发过度的炎症反应做好准备<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">34</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><label>4</label><title>针对训练免疫的治疗应用</title><sec id="s4a"><label>4.1</label><title>靶向核心代谢通路</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">训练免疫的核心代谢特征是其从OXPHOS向有氧糖酵解的重编程。鉴于糖酵解的关键作用，直接抑制这一代谢途径成为阻断训练免疫的有效策略。例如，药物如2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖（2-deoxy-D-glucose， 2-DG）和（2E）-3-（3-吡啶基）-1-（4-吡啶基）-2-丙烯-1-酮［（2E）-3-（3-pyridinyl）-1-（4-pyridinyl）-2-propen-1-one， 3PO］正是通过靶向糖酵解来发挥作用。此外，调控糖酵解的关键信号通路也是重要的干预靶点。糖酵解的重编程主要受PI3K/Akt-mTOR-HIF-1α轴驱动。其中，雷帕霉素作为经典的mTOR抑制剂，能有效阻碍多种刺激诱导的训练免疫。雷帕霉素的作用不仅限于代谢调控，它还能抑制与训练免疫相关的关键组蛋白激活标记（如H3K4me3和H3K27ac），体现了代谢与表观遗传调控的紧密联系<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">35</xref>］</sup>。深入探究mTOR的激活机制表明，溶酶体是其活化的关键平台，在协调免疫代谢中扮演核心角色。因此，通过氯喹或羟氯喹等药物干扰溶酶体功能，同样能有效抑制训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">36</xref>］</sup>。然而，训练免疫的代谢通路（如糖酵解）也是正常免疫细胞抗击感染和癌细胞所必需的。广泛抑制这些通路会削弱全身免疫防御，可能导致感染和肿瘤风险上升。另外，2-DG、3PO等药物的毒副作用较大，其在心血管疾病应用中的临床安全性尚不可知。最后，针对糖酵解的关键转录调控因子HIF-1α进行干预也是可行策略。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">37</xref>］</sup>表明，通过维生素C抑制HIF-1α不仅抑制训练免疫效应，还可能带来潜在的心血管保护作用。但是，在体内达到并维持有效抑制HIF-1α的药物浓度非常困难。高剂量维生素C的给药方式（通常需静脉注射）和稳定性是临床应用的障碍。</p><p>除糖酵解外，靶向脂质代谢同样是调控训练免疫的重要策略。他汀类药物通过阻断甲羟戊酸途径抑制胆固醇合成，被证明可有效抑制β-葡聚糖和ox-LDL诱导的训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">38</xref>］</sup>。在临床实践中，患者即使在服用他汀类药物的情况下，动脉粥样硬化仍可能进展，这表明他汀类药物可能减弱但不足以完全逆转由ox-LDL等诱导的深度训练免疫状态。另一方面，抑制脂肪酸合成是干预脂质代谢以调控训练免疫的另一有效途径。例如，使用特异性抑制剂Cerulenin阻断关键酶脂肪酸合酶（fatty acid synthase， FASN），已被证实可有效抑制醛固酮诱导的训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">22</xref>］</sup>。</p></sec><sec id="s4b"><label>4.2</label><title>靶向表观遗传修饰位点</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">训练免疫的核心表观遗传特征表现为 H3K4me1、H3K4me3和 H3K27ac等特定组蛋白修饰的富集。这些修饰协同作用，显著增强免疫相关基因的转录，从而驱动训练免疫表型的形成<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">24</xref>］</sup>。赖氨酸甲基转移酶Set7负责建立关键的H3K4me1修饰。其特异性抑制剂赛庚啶（cyproheptadine， CPH）可减轻β-葡聚糖诱导的单核细胞训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">39</xref>］</sup>。组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM5负责去除H3K4甲基化。在训练后的细胞中，KDM5的活性被报道降低<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">21</xref>］</sup>，这导致H3K4me3的异常积累和稳定，进一步巩固了训练免疫状态。</p><p>不同于激活标记的富集，组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM4家族通过去除抑制性标记H3K9me3来促进基因转录。其抑制剂JIB-04能显著降低β-葡聚糖或BCG诱导的训练免疫<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">40</xref>］</sup>。这表明，抑制H3K9me3的清除，即维持一定的抑制性染色质环境，是阻断训练免疫的有效途径。另外，促进关键激活标记的去除也是可行策略。天然多酚化合物白藜芦醇作为蛋白去乙酰化酶 SIRT1的激活剂，通过增强SIRT1介导的去乙酰化作用，能够阻止β-葡聚糖在巨噬细胞中诱导的训练免疫效应，并减少促炎因子如TNF-α<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">41</xref>］</sup>的产生。这种对训练免疫的表观遗传调控作用，可能部分解释了其观察到的心血管保护特性。然而，这一策略同样面临着极其严峻的科学和临床挑战。表观遗传调控是细胞最基础的生命过程之一，这使得靶向它“牵一发而动全身”。将其转化为临床疗法，最大的挑战就是实现细胞或组织的特异性靶向。因此，尽管靶向表观遗传机制前景广阔，但目前仍主要处于基础研究和早期药物发现阶段。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s5"><label>5</label><title>总结与展望</title><p>训练免疫作为一种先天免疫系统的“类记忆”现象，通过代谢和表观遗传重编程重塑免疫细胞功能，在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中扮演着核心驱动角色。大量研究表明，糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心理应激等多种危险因素均可诱导训练免疫，导致动脉粥样硬化的“遗留效应”——即使危险因素得到纠正，炎症反应仍持续增强。因此，靶向训练免疫为动脉粥样硬化的防治提供了新途径。未来研究应聚焦于开发精准干预策略，以规避广谱代谢抑制剂的不良反应。同时，亟需开发相关诊断标志物，例如检测循环单核细胞中的H3K4me3水平或糖酵解代谢物，作为评估疾病活动度的生物标志物。此外，结合人工智能技术解析多组学数据（如表观基因组、代谢组、转录组），有望揭示训练免疫网络中的特异性调控节点，从而为全面阻断动脉粥样硬化进展提供新的治疗靶点。</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.03.027.F002</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F002.tif" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="176.10665894" height="238.16735840"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="176.10665894" height="238.16735840"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/377CD576-45FC-49a2-8CB3-30902DAE8A34-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate 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