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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）04–0662–15</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">15 V263 李式浩  </article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R739.4</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>基础医学研究</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>FAH</italic>通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路促进胶质母细胞瘤进展</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title><italic>FAH</italic> promotes glioblastoma progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>式浩</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Shihao</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>赵</surname><given-names>兵</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Bing</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>铁牛</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Tieniu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>金亮</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Jinliang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>张</surname><given-names>永亮</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yongliang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>仲森</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Zhongsen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>顺利</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Shunli</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>陈</surname><given-names>宁</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Ning</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>王</surname><given-names>建标</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Jianbiao</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>佳</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Jia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor2"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>马</surname><given-names>庆防</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Qingfang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院神经外科</institution>，<city>阜阳</city>  <postal-code>236000</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Dept of Neurosurgery， Affiliated Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Fuyang</city>     <postal-code>236000</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>安徽医科大学第二附属医院神经外科</institution>，<city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230601</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Dept of Neurosurgery， The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>     <postal-code>230601</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">李式浩</named-content>，男，主治医师</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">马庆防</named-content>，男，硕士，主任医师，通信作者，E-mail：<email>mqfdoctor@163.com</email></p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna3"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">李    佳</named-content>，男，硕士，副主任医师，通信作者，E-mail：941382 <email>82@qq.com</email></p></fn><corresp id="cor1" xml:lang="en"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Ma Qingfang</named-content>， E-mail： <email>mqfdoctor@163.com</email></corresp><corresp id="cor2" xml:lang="en"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Li Jia</named-content>， E-mail： <email>94138282@qq.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-11T16：41：19"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-id>15</issue-id><fpage>662</fpage><lpage>676</lpage><page-range>662-676</page-range>  <history><date date-type="received">        <day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><sec><title>目的</title><p>探讨延胡索酰乙酰乙酸水解酶（<italic>FAH</italic>）在胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）进展中的作用及其潜在分子机制。</p></sec><sec><title>方法</title><p>对癌症基因组图谱（TCGA）-GBM、GSE4290和GSE116520数据集进行差异表达分析。应用加权基因共表达网络分析 （WGCNA） 识别关键模块，并采用 Cox 回归和风险模型筛选预后基因。利用单细胞RNA测序集对预后基因进行免疫浸润分析。TCGA和人类蛋白质图谱（HPA）数据库中分析<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中的临床表达特征。体内外实验验证<italic>FAH</italic>的功能作用，并进行通路分析以探究潜在机制。</p></sec><sec><title>结果</title><p>在3个GBM数据集中共鉴定出152个交集基因（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）。WGCNA显示，绿松石色模块与肿瘤纯度、基质评分、免疫评分和ESTIMATE评分关联最为密切（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）。与正常组织相比，3个预后基因（<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>、<italic>THBD</italic>）在GBM中均表达上调，且与免疫浸润相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）。与正常组织相比，GBM组织中<italic>FAH</italic>的mRNA和蛋白表达升高，并且<italic>FAH</italic>与年龄分层和TP53突变显著相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）。CCK-8实验实验结果显示，与shNC组相比，shFAH组GBM细胞的增殖活性降低（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）。Transwell迁移和侵袭实验结果显示，与shNC组相比，shFAH组细胞的迁移和侵袭数量下降（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）。Western blot检测结果显示，与shNC组相比，shFAH组中PI3K、p-AKT和p-mTOR蛋白表达水平减少（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）。体内皮下成瘤实验进一步证实，与shNC组相比，shFAH组小鼠肿瘤体积和重量均降低（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）。</p></sec><sec><title>结论</title><p><italic>FAH</italic>通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路促进GBM进展，可作为GBM的潜在治疗靶点。</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To investigate the functional role and underlying molecular mechanisms of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase （<italic>FAH</italic>） in the progression of glioblastoma （GBM）.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Differential expression analysis was performed on the TCGA-GBM， GSE4290， and GSE116520 datasets. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA） was used to identify key modules， and Cox regression and risk modeling were used to screen prognostic genes. Immune infiltration analysis of prognostic genes was carried out by using single-cell RNA sequencing panels. The clinical expression signature of <italic>FAH</italic> in GBM was analyzed in the TCGA and HPA databases. The functional role of<italic> FAH</italic> was validated by <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments， and pathway analysis was performed to explore the underlying mechanisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 152 overlapping genes were identified across the three GBM datasets （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）. WGCNA revealed that the turquoise module was most strongly associated with tumor purity， stromal score， immune score， and ESTIMATE score （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）. Compared with normal tissues， three prognostic genes （<italic>CTSD， FAH， and THBD</italic>） were upregulated in GBM and correlated with immune infiltration （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）. <italic>FAH </italic>mRNA and protein levels were elevated in GBM tissues relative to normal tissues， and its expression was significantly associated with age stratification and TP53 mutation （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）. CCK-8 assay results showed that， compared with the shNC group， the proliferative activity of GBM cells in the shFAH group was reduced （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）. Transwell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that， relative to the shNC group， the numbers of migrated and invaded cells in the shFAH group decreased （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of PI3K， p-AKT， and p-mTOR in the shFAH group decreased compared with those in the shNC group （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）.<italic> In vivo </italic>subcutaneous xenograft experiments further confirmed that tumor volume and weight significantly decreased in the shFAH group compared with the shNC group （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001）.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p><italic>FAH </italic>promotes GBM progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GBM.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>胶质母细胞瘤</kwd><kwd>PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路</kwd><kwd><italic>FAH</italic></kwd><kwd>肿瘤微环境</kwd><kwd>预后</kwd><kwd>肿瘤进展</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway</kwd><kwd><italic>FAH</italic></kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>tumor progression</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>1908085MH284</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>安徽省自然科学基金项目（编号：1908085MH284）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Fund program  Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province</funding-source><award-id>1908085MH284</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province （No. 1908085MH284）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="13"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="20"/><page-count count="15"/><word-count count="24808"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25071</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-05-28T11:37:13</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma， GBM）是中枢神经系统恶性程度最高的星形细胞肿瘤，具有生长迅速、侵袭性强、预后差的特点<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。GBM的临床表现通常包括头痛，并常伴有颅内压增高症状，部分患者还会出现癫痫发作<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病、Li-Fraumeni综合征等遗传病已经被确认为是GBM的潜在遗传风险因素。此外，长期接触电离辐射和致癌化学物质可能会进一步增加罹患GBM的风险<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>。然而，GBM 的发生发展不仅与遗传和环境因素相关，还受到多种分子信号通路的驱动。</p><p>PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路被认为是GBM一个重要的调控机制，该通路的失调会导致细胞生长、增殖、存活和代谢重编程失控，从而加速肿瘤进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>。肿瘤免疫微环境 （tumor immune microenvironment， TME）在GBM进展中发挥重要作用，其与免疫细胞的相互作用不仅促进肿瘤生长，还会影响治疗耐药性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>］</sup>。由此，免疫相关基因可能成为GBM潜在的治疗靶点。该研究旨在通过综合生物信息学分析识别GBM中关键的预后免疫相关基因，并重点探讨延胡索酰乙酰乙酸水解酶（fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase）在GBM细胞表型的功能作用及其潜在的分子机制，尤其关注其在PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路中的调控作用。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>材料与方法</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>GBM数据集的下载和差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes， DEGs）的筛选</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">从癌症基因组图谱 （the cancer genome atlas， TCGA）下载153例GBM样本和5例对照样本。从GEO数据库（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/">http：//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/</ext-link>）检索了2个GBM相关数据集，分别是GSE116520（GBM17例和对照8例）和GSE4290（GBM77例和对照23例）。用R语言中的“limma”包识别DEGs，选择对数倍数变化（fold change， FC）&gt;1.30和 <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为上调DEGs的筛选标准，FC&lt;0.77和<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为下调DEGs的筛选标准<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。微生信平台（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/">https：//www.bioinformatics.com.cn/</ext-link>）分别对3个数据集中的上调表达基因和下调表达基因进行交集分析，确定交集基因。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>试剂与仪器</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">人GBM细胞株U87、T98G、HS683和U251（货号：CL-0238、CL-0583、CL-0362和 CL-0237）购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。另外2个GBM细胞株SHG44（货号：YS2373C）和正常人星形胶质细胞NHA（货号：YS2144C）购自上海雅吉生物科技有限公司。DMEM培养基（货号：C2707）、胎牛血清（FBS，货号：C0251）、TRIzol试剂（货号：R0016）、RIPA裂解液（货号：P0039）、PVDF膜（货号：FFP22）、Matrigel（货号：C0376）、结晶紫染色液（货号：Y268091-100g）、BCA蛋白检测试剂盒（货号：P0012）、SDS-PAGE胶（货号：P0057A）、聚凝胺（Polybrene，货号：C0351）、嘌呤霉素（Puromycin，货号：ST551-10mg）、酶标仪（货号：E0228）、4%多聚甲醛（货号：P0099）、CCK-8试剂盒（货号：C0038）、ECL化学发光试剂盒（货号：P0018AS）、抗p-PI3K（货号：AA329，1∶1 000）和辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗兔IgG（H+L）二抗（货号：A0208，1∶1 000）均购自上海碧云天生物技术公司；PrimeScript RT试剂盒（货号：RR037A）和SYBR Green预混液（货号：RR820A）购自日本Takara Bio公司；Transwell小室（货号：3422）购自美国Corning公司；抗FAH（货号：14928-1-AP，1∶2 000）、抗PI3K（货号：20584-1-AP，1∶1 000）、抗p-AKT（货号：80455-1-RR，1∶4 000）、抗AKT（货号：10176-2-AP，1∶2 000）、抗p-4EBP1（货号：81812-4-RR，1∶1 000）、抗p-S6（货号：29223-1-AP，1∶4 000）、抗4EBP1（货号：13988-1-AP，1∶1 000）、抗S6（货号：80208-1-RR，1∶5 000）和抗GAPDH（货号：10494-1-AP，1∶5 000）购自武汉三鹰生物技术公司；携带 <italic>FAH</italic> shRNA 的慢病毒载体（sh<italic>FAH</italic>）及阴性对照（shNC）购自上海GenePharma公司；QuantStudio<sup>TM</sup> 6 Flex实时荧光定量PCR系统（货号：4485692）购自美国Applied Biosystems公司。</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>加权基因共表达网络分析 （weighted gene co-expression network analysis， WGCNA）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用R语言的“WGCNA”包，对从TCGA-GBM、GSE4290和GSE116520数据集中鉴定出的交集基因进行WGCNA。软阈值设置为6，以确保无标度拓扑结构。基于拓扑重叠矩阵 （topological overlap matrix， TOM），采用平均链接层次聚类法对基因进行聚类，并使用动态树切割算法识别模块。然后，使用ESTIMATE算法（R包“estimate”）计算模块特征基因 （module eigengene， ME） 与肿瘤纯度（tumor purity）、基质评分（stromal score）、免疫评分（immune score）和ESTIMATE评分（ESTIMATE score）。与TME相关性最强的模块被认为是进一步功能富集分析的关键模块。</p></sec><sec id="s1d"><label>1.4</label><title>功能富集分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用Enrichr数据库（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://maayanlab.cloud/Enrichr/">https：//maayanlab.cloud/Enrichr/</ext-link>）对WGCNA识别的绿松石模块中的基因进行基因本体论（gene ontology， GO）富集分析，包括生物过程（biological process， BP）、细胞成分（cellular component， CC）和分子功能（molecular function， MF）。同时，还进行了京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes， KEGG）通路分析，以识别显著富集的通路。使用R语言包“ggplot2”生成条形图和气泡图对结果进行可视化。</p></sec><sec id="s1e"><label>1.5</label><title>预后模型构建与生存分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">对TCGA-GBM数据集中的61个关键基因进行单变量Cox回归分析，利用“forestplot”包绘制森林图，计算每个变量的<italic>P</italic>值、风险比（hazard ratios， <italic>HR</italic>）和95%置信区间（confidence interval， <italic>CI</italic>），以评估其与总生存的关联。进一步使用GEPIA 2数据库（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/">http：//gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/</ext-link>）验证了关键预后相关基因的表达谱。使用R语言中的“glmnet”包进行最小绝对收缩和选择算子（least absolute shrinkage and selection operato， LASSO）回归分析，其中惩罚参数（<italic>λ</italic>）通过基于最小偏似然偏差的10倍交叉验证确定。根据中位风险评分将患者分为高风险组和低风险组。采用 Kaplan-Meier 生存分析比较两个风险组的总生存率（overall survival， OS），计算<italic>HR</italic>及 95%<italic>CI</italic>，对数秩检验<italic>P</italic>值评估统计学意义。使用R语言中的“timeROC”包进行1、3年的受试者工作特征 （receiver operating characteristic， ROC） 曲线分析，并计算曲线下面积 （under the curve， AUC） 。</p></sec><sec id="s1f"><label>1.6</label><title>单细胞RNA测序（scRNA-seq）分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">从肿瘤免疫单细胞中心（tumor immunity single cell center， TISCH）数据库（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tisch.comp-genomics.org/">http：//tisch.comp-genomics.org/</ext-link>）获取了3个scRNA-seq数据集（GSE131928、GSE139448 和GSE162631）。经过质量控制和标准化后，使用R语言中的“Seurat” 包进行细胞聚类和注释。使用 UMAP 特征图和 “Seurat/ggplot2” 生成的小提琴图可视化<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic> 在不同细胞类型中的表达模式。</p></sec><sec id="s1g"><label>1.7</label><title>免疫浸润分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用TIMER数据库（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://timer.cistrome.org/">http：//timer.cistrome.org/</ext-link>）进一步分析GBM中预后相关基因表达与免疫细胞浸润之间的相关性。检测<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>的表达水平与肿瘤纯度（tumor purity）、B细胞、CD8⁺ T细胞（CD8⁺ T cell）、CD4⁺ T细胞（CD4⁺ T cell）、巨噬细胞（macrophage）、中性粒细胞（neutrophil）和树突状细胞（dendritic cell）的相关性。</p></sec><sec id="s1h"><label>1.8</label><title>FAH的表达分析和免疫组化（immunohistochemistry， IHC）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用来自TCGA-GBM队列的RNA测序数据，分析了GBM和正常脑组织中<italic>FAH</italic>的表达。对每百万转录本（transcripts per million， TPM）值进行Log<sub>2</sub>（TPM+1）转换以进行比较。根据样本类型（正常<italic>vs</italic>原发性肿瘤）、患者年龄（21~40、41~60、61~80和&gt;80岁）、性别（男性<italic>vs</italic>女性）和TP53突变状态（突变<italic>vs</italic>非突变）进行亚组分析。为了进一步验证FAH蛋白的表达，基于人类蛋白质图谱（HPA，<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/">https：//www.proteinatlas.org/</ext-link>）中提供的抗FAH抗体对正常脑组织和GBM组织进行IHC分析。根据染色强度和阳性细胞比例比较正常组织和肿瘤组织中的蛋白质表达水平。</p></sec><sec id="s1i"><label>1.9</label><title>基因集富集与相关性分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用单样本基因集富集分析（ssGSEA）评估<italic>FAH</italic>表达与PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路之间的相关性。通路基因集来自分子特征数据库（MSigDB）。从TCGA-GBM转录组数据中提取<italic>FAH</italic>表达水平，并将其标准化为TPM。进行皮尔逊相关性分析以评估FAH表达与通路富集评分之间的关联。计算相关系数<italic>r</italic>和<italic>P</italic>值，并使用R语言的“GSVA”和“ggplot2”生成拟合回归线的散点图。</p></sec><sec id="s1j"><label>1.10</label><title>细胞系来源和培养</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">人GBM细胞株（U87、T98G、U251、SHG44、HS683）和正常人星形胶质细胞（NHA）放置在添加10% FBS、100 U/mL青霉素和100 μg/mL链霉素的DMEM中，在37 ℃、5% CO<sub>2</sub>的湿润环境中培养。</p></sec><sec id="s1k"><label>1.11</label><title>基因沉默实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将携带 <italic>FAH</italic> shRNA 的慢病毒载体（sh<italic>FAH</italic>）及阴性对照（shNC）感染 U87 和 T98G 细胞。在polybrene（8 μg/mL）存在下增强感染效率，使用嘌呤霉素（2 μg/mL）筛选7 d，建立稳定的 <italic>FAH</italic>沉默细胞系。</p></sec><sec id="s1l"><label>1.12</label><title>RNA提取及定量实时PCR（quantitative real-time PCR， qPCR）实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用TRIzol试剂提取总RNA，并使用PrimeScript RT试剂盒进行逆转录。使用SYBR Green预混液在QuantStudio<sup>TM</sup> 6 Flex实时PCR系统上进行qPCR。循环条件：95 ℃、30 s，随后40个循环（95 ℃、5 s，60 ℃、30 s），并进行熔解曲线分析以确认引物特异性。以<italic>GAPDH</italic>作为内参，使用2<sup>-ΔΔ</sup><italic><sup>C</sup></italic><inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M1"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.26999998" height="4.23333359"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.26999998" height="4.23333359"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>方法计算相对表达量。<italic>FAH </italic>正向引物5′-CTCTCCGCACGCCACCTTAG-3′，反向引物5′-GCCAATGGCCACACCTATCC-3′。<italic>GAPDH </italic>正向引物5′-CTAGCTGGCCCGATTTCTCC-3′，反向引物5′-ATGGAATTTGCCATGGGTGG-3′。</p></sec><sec id="s1m"><label>1.13</label><title>Western blot实验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用添加了蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解缓冲液提取总蛋白。使用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。取等量的蛋白，经10% SDS-PAGE电泳分离，并转移至PVDF膜上。用5%脱脂牛奶封闭后，将膜与以下一抗（抗FAH、抗p-PI3K、抗PI3K、抗p-AKT、抗AKT、抗p-4EBP1、抗4EBP1、抗p-S6、抗S6、抗GAPDH）在4 ℃孵育过夜。接着使用二抗（HRP偶联抗兔抗体）在室温下孵育1 h。使用ECL化学发光试剂盒对蛋白条带进行可视化，并使用ImageJ软件进行定量分析。</p></sec><sec id="s1n"><label>1.14</label><title>细胞增殖检测</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用CCK-8试剂盒测量细胞增殖。将U87和T98G细胞（2 × 10³细胞/孔）接种于96孔板中。在指定时间点（第1~5天），向每个孔中加入10 μL CCK-8溶液，并在37 ℃下孵育2 h。使用酶标仪测量450 nm处的吸光度（absorbance，<italic>A</italic>）。</p></sec><sec id="s1o"><label>1.15</label><title>细胞迁移和侵袭检测</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用Transwell小室（孔径8 μm）评估细胞侵袭和迁移。侵袭实验中，上室预包被Matrigel，迁移实验中则无需Matrigel。将5 × 10<sup>4</sup>细胞接种于无血清培养基中，并将含10% FBS的培养基加入下室作为趋化剂。24 h后，迁移或侵袭至下室表面的细胞用4%多聚甲醛固定，0.1%结晶紫染色，并在显微镜下计数。</p></sec><sec id="s1p"><label>1.16</label><title>肿瘤异种移植模型</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">雌性BALB/c裸鼠（4~6周龄，18~20 g）购自江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司。将稳定转染shNC或sh<italic>FAH</italic>的U87细胞（5×10<sup>6</sup>）皮下注射至小鼠侧腹（每组6只）。每3 d用卡尺测量一次肿瘤大小，肿瘤体积计算公式为（长×宽²）/2。28 d后，采用二氧化碳吸入法处死小鼠，然后进行颈椎脱位，切除肿瘤，称重并拍照。所有动物实验均已获得安徽医科大学动物护理和使用委员会的批准（批准号：LLSC20230730）。</p></sec><sec id="s1q"><label>1.17</label><title>统计学处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">所有统计学分析均使用GraphPad Prism 8.0和R软件（版本4.0.3）进行。数据以至少3次独立实验的平均值±标准差（<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-M002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.77800000" height="2.62466669"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-M002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.77800000" height="2.62466669"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>）表示。两组间差异采用Student’s <italic>t</italic> 检验，多组间比较采用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）和Tukey事后检验。生存曲线采用 Kaplan-Meier 方法绘制，并采用对数秩检验进行比较。<italic>HR</italic>和95%<italic>CI</italic>采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析计算。<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为差异有统计学意义。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>结果</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>GBM中免疫相关基因的鉴定和功能富集分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">对3个GBM相关数据集（TCGA-GBM、GSE4290和GSE116520）进行了差异表达分析。火山图显示，每个数据集中均存在大量显著上调和下调的基因（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>A-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>C）。其中，TCGA-GBM数据集中有5 434个基因上调，3 824个基因下调（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>A）；GSE4290数据集中有2 241个基因上调，1 200个基因下调（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>B）；GSE116520 数据集中有1 633个基因上调，1 189个基因下调（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>C）。维恩图分析显示，在3个数据集中鉴定出146个重叠下调基因和66个重叠上调基因（图 <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>D、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>E）。进一步基于WGCNA研究GBM相关基因的共表达模式。设定软阈值幂为6，以保证网络符合无尺度拓扑结构（图2A）。层次聚类分析识别出2个基因模块，灰色模块为未分配基因，不纳入后续G通路分析表明这些基因还在趋化因子信号转导、造血细胞谱系通路等通路中显著富集（图3D）。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>3个GBM数据集中的DEGs</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Differentially expressed genes in three GBM datasets</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Volcano plot of the TCGA-GBM dataset； Red dots indicate upregulated genes， blue dots indicate downregulated genes， and gray dots indicate non-significant genes； B： Volcano plot of the GSE4290 dataset； C： Volcano plot of the GSE116520 dataset； D： Venn diagram showing overlapping upregulated genes in three datasets； E： Venn diagram showing overlapping downregulated genes in three datasets.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04167175" height="124.88332367"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04167175" height="124.88332367"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04167175" height="124.88332367"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F002</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F002.jpg" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="117.14889526"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="117.14889526"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="117.14889526"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F003</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F003.jpg" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="159.45555115" height="121.00277710"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="159.45555115" height="121.00277710"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="159.45555115" height="121.00277710"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>GBM中预后关键基因的鉴定</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">采用单因素Cox回归分析对绿松石模块中的61个基因进行单因素Cox分析，结果显示，5个基因（<italic>HK3、THBD、CTSD、FAH</italic>和<italic>FCN3</italic>）的预后结果较为显著（<italic>HR</italic> &gt; 1）（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>A）。GEPIA数据库分析显示，<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>、<italic>HK3</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>在GBMy样本中上调（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05），而<italic>FCN3</italic>的表达差异无统计学意义（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>B-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>F）。进一步对这4个预后基因进行LASSO Cox回归分析，根据<italic>λ</italic>最小值（lambda.min=0.051 7），建立基于Riskscore = （0.004 6）×<italic>THBD</italic>+（0.416 9）×<italic>CTSD</italic>+（0.082 2）×<italic>FAH</italic>的预后风险模型（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>A、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>B）。根据中位风险评分，患者被分为高风险组和低风险组。风险评分和生存状态的分布显示，两组之间存在差异（<italic>P</italic>= 0.001 62），且高风险组中这3个基因的表达水平更高（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图5</xref>C）。在生存分析中，高风险组患者的总生存期短于低风险组患者（<italic>HR</italic> = 1.79，<italic>P </italic>= 0.001 62；<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图 5</xref>D）。 ROC曲线分析证实了该模型的预测准确性，1年生存率的AUC值0.725，3年生存率的AUC值为0.698（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图 5</xref>E）。</p><fig position="float" id="F4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F004</object-id><label>图 4</label><caption><title>GBM中候选基因的预后分析和表达验证</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.4</label><title>Prognostic analysis and expression validation of candidate genes in GBM</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Forest plot of univariate Cox regression analysis showing the <italic>P </italic>values，<italic>HR</italic>s， and 95% <italic>CI</italic>s for candidate genes； B-F： Expression levels of <italic>CTSD</italic>， <italic>FAH</italic>， <italic>FCN3</italic>， <italic>HK3</italic>， and <italic>THBD </italic>in GBM samples （<italic>n</italic>=163） and normal samples （<italic>n</italic>=207） using the GEPIA database； a： GBM； b： normal samples； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> normal samples.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F004.eps" id="Graphic4"><?fx-imagestate width="161.21945190" height="169.68609619"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="161.21945190" height="169.68609619"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="161.21945190" height="169.68609619"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F5"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F005</object-id><label>图5</label><caption><title>GBM预后风险模型的构建</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.5</label><title>Construction of a prognostic risk model for GBM</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： LASSO regression coefficient curves for candidate prognostic genes； B： Ten-fold cross-validation was used to select the optimal penalty parameter （λ） in the LASSO Cox regression mode； C： Risk score distribution， survival status， and expression heatmap for the three genes （<italic>FAH</italic>， <italic>HK3</italic>， and <italic>THBD</italic>）； D： Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of overall survival in high-risk and low-risk groups； E： Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves assessing the predictive performance of the risk model for 1- and 3- year overall survival.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F005.eps" id="Graphic5"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="156.28054810"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F005.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="156.28054810"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F005c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="156.28054810"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>GBM微环境中预后基因的表达模式</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">对TISCH数据库的3个与GBM相关的单细胞RNA测序数据集GSE131928、GSE139448和GSE162631进行分析，以评估肿TME中<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>的表达情况。在包含8种主要细胞类型的 GSE131928 数据集中，<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>在这些细胞类型中均有表达（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">图 6</xref>A）。在包含4种细胞类型的 GSE139448数据集中，<italic>CTSD</italic>和<italic>FAH</italic>主要在恶性细胞和免疫细胞中富集，而<italic>THBD</italic>的表达相对较弱（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">图6</xref>B）。在包含5种主要细胞类型的 GSE162631 数据集中，<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>均在恶性细胞和免疫细胞群中表达（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">图6</xref>C）。图7进一步展示了3个数据集中这些基因在不同细胞类型中的水平。CTSD 在一些恶性细胞和巨噬细胞簇中持续高表达，<italic>FAH</italic>在单核/巨噬细胞、肥大细胞中高表达，而<italic>THBD</italic>则主要在内皮细胞和单核/巨噬细胞中富集。</p><fig position="float" id="F6"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F006</object-id><label>图6</label><caption><title>GBM微环境中预后基因的表达模式</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.6</label><title>Expression patterns of prognostic genes in the GBM microenvironment</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： UMAP plots showing the expression distribution of CTSD， FAH， and THBD across eight major cell types from the GSE131928 dataset； B： UMAP plots of four major cell types in the GSE139448 dataset and the expression patterns of <italic>CTSD</italic>， <italic>FAH</italic>， and <italic>THBD</italic> across different cell types； C： UMAP plots of five major cell types in the GSE162631 dataset and the expression of <italic>CTSD</italic>， <italic>FAH</italic>， and <italic>THBD</italic> across different cell clusters； a： <italic>CTSD</italic>； b： <italic>FAH</italic>； c： <italic>THBD.</italic></p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F006.eps" id="Graphic6"><?fx-imagestate width="158.75000000" height="147.81390381"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F006.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="158.75000000" height="147.81390381"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F006c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="158.75000000" height="147.81390381"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F7"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F007</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F007.jpg" id="Graphic7"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="110.73910522"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F007.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="110.73910522"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F007c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="110.73910522"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2d"><label>2.4</label><title>GBM中预后基因与免疫细胞浸润的相关性分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">TIMER数据库研究了GBM中预后基因表达与免疫细胞浸润水平之间的相关性。<italic>CTSD</italic>表达与肿瘤纯度、CD8<sup>+ </sup>T细胞呈负相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05），与CD4<sup>+ </sup>T细胞、中性粒细胞和树突状细胞呈正相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">图8</xref>A）。<italic>FAH</italic>表达与肿瘤纯度和CD8<sup>+ </sup>T细胞呈负相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05），与CD4<sup>+ </sup>T细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和树突状细胞呈正相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">图8</xref>B）。类似地，<italic>THBD </italic>的表达与肿瘤纯度和CD8<sup>+ </sup>T 细胞呈负相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）；与中性粒细胞和树突状细胞呈正相关（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05）（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">图8</xref>C）。这些结果表明3个预后基因（<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>） 与 GBM 微环境中的免疫浸润相关。</p><fig position="float" id="F8"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F008</object-id><label>图8</label><caption><title>GBM中预后基因表达与免疫浸润的相关分析</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.8</label><title>Correlation between prognostic gene expression and immune infiltration in GBM</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A-C： Correlations between <italic>CTSD</italic>，<italic> FAH</italic>， and <italic>THBD</italic> expression and tumor purity， B cells， CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells， CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells， macrophages， neutrophils， and dendritic cells， respectively， examined using the TIMER database. Scatter plots show correlation coefficients and <italic>P </italic>values.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F008.eps" id="Graphic8"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="76.28694153"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F008.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="76.28694153"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F008c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="76.28694153"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2e"><label>2.5</label><title><italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中的表达特征分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">为了探索<italic>FAH</italic>的临床相关性，使用TCGA数据集检测了其在不同GBM患者亚组中的表达情况。<italic>FAH</italic>在原发性GBM组织中的表达高于正常脑组织（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001，图9A）。分年龄层分析结果表明，<italic>FAH</italic>在不同年龄组（21~40、41~60、61~80和&gt;80岁）中持续上调（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，图9B）。此外，与正常组织相比，男性和女性GBM患者的<italic>FAH</italic>表达均升高（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001），而男性和女性GBM患者中<italic>FAH</italic>的表达并无明显差异（图9C）。TP53 突变组和 TP53 非突变组的 <italic>FAH</italic> 表达水平均高于正常样本（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001），且TP53 突变肿瘤中的 <italic>FAH</italic> 表达最高（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，图9D）。HPA数据库中的免疫组化分析进一步证实，与正常脑组织相比，GBM组织中FAH蛋白表达增加（图9E）。这些结果表明，<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中高表达，并可能与肿瘤进展相关。</p><fig position="float" id="F9"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F009</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F009.jpg" id="Graphic9"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="90.25038147"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F009.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="90.25038147"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F009c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="165.10000610" height="90.25038147"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p specific-use="noneIndent">years， 61-80 years， and &gt;80 years）； C： FAH expression in male and female patients and normal tissue； D： FAH expression in GBM tissue with and without TP53 mutations； E： Representative IHC images showing FAH protein expression in normal brain and GBM tissue； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> Normal group； <sup>#</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> TP53-mutant group； <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs</italic> 21 - 40 years group； <sup>Δ</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> 41-60 years group.</p></sec><sec id="s2f"><label>2.6</label><title><italic>FAH</italic>沉默对GBM细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">为了验证<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中的致癌潜力，体外细胞实验中通过qPCR和Western blot分析了<italic>FAH</italic>的表达。结果显示，与正常人星形胶质细胞 （NHA）相比，GBM细胞系中的<italic>FAH</italic>表达升高，尤其是在U87和T98G细胞的表达最高（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，图10A-10C）。使用慢病毒shRNA沉默了U87和T98G细胞中的<italic>FAH</italic>表达后，qPCR 和 Western blot均证实<italic>FAH</italic>在mRNA和蛋白质水平上被有效敲低（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，图10D-10F）。CCK-8检测结果显示，与shNC组相比，shFAH组U87和T98G细胞的的增殖活性降低，两组之间差异具有统计学意义（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001，图10G、10H）。同样，Transwell实验表明，shFAH组的迁移和侵袭数量少于shNC组，差异有统计学意义（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05，图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">11</xref>A-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">11</xref>D）。上述结果提示，FAH表达下调与GBM细胞增殖及迁移侵袭能力的降低有关。</p><fig-group id="F10"><?fx-imagegroup-arrangement grid ="1;2;" source = "paralayout"?><label>图11</label><caption><title><italic>FAH</italic>敲低抑制GBM细胞的侵袭和迁移</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.11</label><title><italic>FAH</italic> knockdown inhibited the invasion and migration of GBM cell</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Representative images of transwell invasion assays of U87 and T98G cells transfected with shNC or sh<italic>FAH</italic>； Scale bar = 50 μm； B： Quantitative analysis of the number of invasive cells showed a significant decrease in invasive cell numbers after <italic>FAH</italic> knockdown； C： Representative images of migration assays of U87 and T98G cells； Scale bar = 50 μm； D： Quantitative analysis of migrating cells showed that <italic>FAH</italic> knockdown significantly inhibited GBM cell migration； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> shNC group.</p></abstract><fig orientation="portrait" position="float" id="F10a1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F10a1</object-id><caption><title>control； D-F： Validation of <italic>FAH </italic>knockdown efficiency in U87 and T98G cells by qPCR and Western blot； G，H： CCK-8 assays showing changes in U87 and T98G cell proliferation after <italic>FAH</italic> knockdown； a： NHA group； b： U87 group； c： HS683 group； d： U251 group； e： T98G group； f： SHG44 group； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001， <sup>****</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.000 1 <italic>vs</italic> NHA group； <sup>#</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05， <sup>###</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> shNC group.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a1.jpg" id="Graphic10"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04168701" height="124.02896118"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a1.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04168701" height="124.02896118"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a1c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="164.04168701" height="124.02896118"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig orientation="portrait" position="float" id="F10a2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F10a2</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a2.eps" id="Graphic11"><?fx-imagestate width="149.22500610" height="96.30833435"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a2.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="149.22500610" height="96.30833435"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F10a2c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="149.22500610" height="96.30833435"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></fig-group></sec><sec id="s2g"><label>2.7</label><title><italic>FAH</italic>调控GBM中的PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路是GBM发生发展的核心驱动因素。 该通路的激活与GBM不良预后显著相关，其下游分子（如磷酸化Akt、mTOR）可作为潜在预后标志物。为了探究<italic>FAH</italic>介导致癌作用的分子机制，通路富集分析显示<italic>FAH</italic>表达与PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路激活呈正相关（相关系数<italic>r</italic>=0.409，<italic>P</italic>=1.54e-07；<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">图12</xref>A）。与此预测一致，Western blot分析显示，与shNC组相比，shFAH组GBM细胞中p-PI3K、p-AKT、p-4EBP1和p-S6水平降低（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05），而这些分子的总蛋白水平保持不变（图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">12</xref>B-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">12</xref>F）。这些结果表明，<italic>FAH</italic>至少部分通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路来促进GBM进展。</p><fig position="float" id="F11"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F011</object-id><label>图12</label><caption><title><italic>FAH</italic> 调控 PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.12</label><title><italic>FAH</italic> regulateed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Spearman correlation analysis between<italic> FAH</italic> gene expression and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway； B： Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total PI3K， AKT， 4EBP1， and S6 proteins in U87 and T98G cells after <italic>FAH</italic> knockdown； C-F： Quantitative analysis of phosphorylated PI3K， AKT， 4EBP1， and S6 protein expression； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05 <italic>vs</italic> shNC group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F011.eps" id="Graphic12"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="102.65833282"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F011.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="102.65833282"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F011c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="163.68890381" height="102.65833282"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2h"><label>2.8</label><title><italic>FAH</italic>敲低可降低体内GBM肿瘤生长</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">为了进一步验证<italic>FAH</italic>在体内的致癌作用，使用稳定转染sh<italic>FAH</italic>或shNC的U87细胞建立了异种移植小鼠模型。与shNC组相比，<italic>FAH</italic>沉默细胞组的肿瘤生长速度明显减慢（<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">图13</xref>A）。定量分析显示，shFAH组的肿瘤质量和肿瘤体积均小于shNC组（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001，图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">13</xref>B、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">13</xref>C）。这些结果证明了沉默<italic>FAH</italic>在体内抑制GBM的肿瘤生长。</p><fig position="float" id="F12"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.04.010.F012</object-id><label>图13</label><caption><title><italic>FAH</italic> 敲低抑制GBM细胞体内肿瘤的大小和质量</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.13</label><title>Knockdown of <italic>FAH</italic> reduced the size and weight of GBM tumors<italic> in vivo</italic></title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A： Representative images of xenograft tumors derived from U87 cells transfected with shNC or sh<italic>FAH</italic>； B： Tumor weight analysis showing significantly lower tumor burden in the shFAH group compared with shNC； C： Tumor volume measurements confirming that <italic>FAH</italic> knockdown markedly inhibited tumor growth <italic>in vivo</italic>； a： shNC group； b： shFAH group； <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 <italic>vs</italic> shNC group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F012.eps" id="Graphic13"><?fx-imagestate width="160.16110229" height="42.33333206"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F012.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="160.16110229" height="42.33333206"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/75183284-36AF-48ac-9B11-5420F45BCB0C-F012c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="160.16110229" height="42.33333206"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>讨论</title><p>本研究通过整合TCGA和GEO数据集识别与 GBM 进展相关的免疫相关基因，确定了<italic> CTSD、FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>是与患者生存和TME中免疫浸润显著相关的关键预后基因。其中，<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM样本中表现出最一致的上调，并且与年龄和 TP53突变状态等临床特征密切相关。功能分析进一步表明，<italic>FAH</italic>在体外促进GBM细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭，而在体内抑制其表达则抑制肿瘤生长。进一步实验证实FAH 至少部分通过激活 PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路发挥其致癌作用。这些发现为GBM的分子基础提供了新的见解，并提示FAH可作为潜在的预后生物标志物。</p><p>采用WGCNA方法，对3个数据集中的交集基因进行了共表达网络分析，发现绿松石模块与TME特征显著相关。进一步富集分析发现模块基因主要富集于炎症反应、免疫细胞趋化以及趋化因子信号通路等过程。生存分析从该模块中筛选出5个与GBM预后密切相关的基因（<italic>HK3</italic>、<italic>THBD</italic>、<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>和<italic>FCN3</italic>），其中<italic>CTSD</italic>、<italic>FAH</italic>、<italic>HK3</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>在GBM样本中显著高表达。基于LASSO Cox回归建立的三基因风险模型（<italic>THBD</italic>、<italic>CTSD</italic>和<italic>FAH</italic>），在ROC曲线中表现出较好的预测价值。这些免疫相关基因已被证实在GBM的发生发展中发挥重要作用。例如，研究表明<italic>CTSD</italic>的抑制通过减弱自噬来增强GBM细胞的放射敏感性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。<italic>CTSD</italic> 的高表达可导致GBM较差的预后，并促进肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭和恶性进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。<italic>HK3</italic>在GBM中表达上调，与预后不良相关，且<italic>HK3</italic>高表达组富集于适应性免疫反应、趋化因子信号通路及细胞因子–细胞因子受体相互作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。<italic>HK3</italic>还可通增加胶质瘤微环境中的免疫细胞浸润显著加剧肿瘤免疫抑制微环境<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。另外，<italic>THBD </italic>通过<italic> SPI1</italic> 介导的转录激活增强了替莫唑胺（TMZ）耐药性和糖酵解，从而促进了GBM细胞的存活与恶性进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。相比之下，目前<italic>FAH</italic>与GBM之间的具体分子机制仍不明确，这为进一步探索其在肿瘤进展和免疫调节中的潜在作用提供了基础。</p><p>GBM是一种高度侵袭性和致死率极高的中枢神经系统肿瘤，其复杂的TME在疾病的发生发展中发挥关键作用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。TME不仅塑造了GBM的生物学特征，还深刻影响患者的临床表现、治疗反应和生存预后<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞（tumor-associated macrophages and microglia， TAMs）被证实是GBM的主要免疫细胞群，参与免疫抑制。单细胞技术可揭示 TAMs异质性和功能，为开发 TAMs 靶向治疗提供新方向<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>。基于单细胞 RNA 测序还揭示复发性 GBM 的耐药机制，其特征包括干性基因上调、小胶质细胞减少、血管内皮生长因子A（VEGFA） 增加和 MGMT 通路激活，提示肿瘤异质性与耐药性密切相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">16</xref>］</sup>。为了进一步明确与预后相关基因在不同细胞群体中的分布特征，本次研究对<italic>CTSD、FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>进行了单细胞水平的表达分析。结果显示<italic>CTSD、FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>在GBM TME的不同细胞群（尤其是恶性细胞和免疫细胞）中差异表达。其中，<italic>CTSD</italic>在部分恶性细胞和巨噬细胞中持续高表达，<italic>FAH</italic>主要在单核/巨噬细胞和肥大细胞中上调，而<italic>THBD</italic>则集中分布于内皮细胞和单核/巨噬细胞。免疫浸润分析进一步揭示，3个基因的表达水平均与肿瘤纯度呈负相关，并与巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和树突状细胞显著正相关；同时，<italic>CTSD</italic>和<italic>FAH</italic>的表达与CD8<sup>+ </sup>T细胞负相关，而<italic>THBD</italic>还与B细胞和CD4<sup>+</sup> T细胞呈负相关。这些结果提示，<italic>CTSD、FAH</italic>和<italic>THBD</italic>可能在GBM的免疫微环境调控中发挥重要作用。</p><p>已有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">17</xref>］</sup>表明，GBM的复杂分子特征主要受 PI3K/AKT/mTOR、Wnt 及 NF-κB 等关键信号通路的调控。其中，PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路在GBM中尤为突出，其异常激活不仅推动了细胞周期进展（如促进Cyclin D1与CDK结合，加速G<sub>1</sub>-S期转变），从而维持肿瘤细胞的持续增殖，还通过下游mTOR的激活促进细胞生长和分裂。该通路还能通过调控蛋白质、核苷酸和脂质的合成，维持肿瘤细胞的高活性<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>。与此同时，PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路上调与糖酵解通量增加是GBM典型的代谢特征，这些改变在驱动肿瘤快速生长的同时，也与对常规治疗的耐药性密切相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">18</xref>］</sup>。天然产物也可能成为干预该通路的潜在手段，例如，传统中药通关藤中分离出来的活性成分通关藤苷H通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路，降低GBM细胞的活性，诱导细胞周期停滞和凋亡，同时抑制细胞迁移<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">19</xref>］</sup>。</p><p>FAH是酪氨酸分解代谢的关键酶，其突变可导致遗传性酪氨酸血症Ⅰ型并增加肝肾损伤风险<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">20</xref>］</sup>。尽管<italic>FAH</italic>在代谢性疾病中已有报道，但其在GBM中的作用及潜在机制此前尚未得到系统性研究。本次研究结果显示，<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM数据样本中显著上调，沉默<italic>FAH</italic>有效抑制GBM细胞的恶性表型。进一步提示<italic>FAH</italic>与PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路的激活呈正相关。Western blot结果表明，<italic>FAH</italic>敲低显著降低了PI3K、AKT、4EBP1和S6的磷酸化水平，而总蛋白水平保持不变，这表明<italic>FAH</italic>至少部分通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR级联来促进GBM进展。异种移植小鼠模型进行的体内实验进一步验证了这些发现。与对照组相比，在U87细胞中稳定敲低<italic>FAH</italic>可显著降低肿瘤生长速度、肿瘤体积和肿瘤重量。总之，这些结果表明<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中高表达，通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路促进肿瘤进展，并促进体内肿瘤生长。</p><p>本研究存在若干局限性。首先，<italic>FAH</italic>敲低可抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路活性，但尚未通过<italic>FAH</italic>过表达或通路激活剂/抑制剂进行双向验证，因此无法完全证明其直接调控作用。其次，<italic>FAH</italic>与免疫细胞浸润的相关性仅基于scRNA-seq和TIMER分析，缺乏功能性实验验证其在免疫调控中的作用。再次，FAH作为酪氨酸代谢酶，其代谢功能可能影响GBM进展，但本研究未探索其代谢活性及潜在机制。最后，体内实验仅使用U87细胞系，该细胞系存在来源争议，未来需使用多种细胞系或原代细胞进一步验证结果。这些局限性提示，未来研究需通过更全面的实验和机制分析来深入阐明<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM中的多重作用。</p><p>综上所述，<italic>FAH</italic>在GBM组织和细胞系中高表达，并与TME和患者预后相关。<italic>FAH</italic>可能部分通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路影响GBM体外恶性表型和体内肿瘤生长。研究提示<italic>FAH</italic>可作为GBM中有前景的生物标志物。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name 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