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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）05–0836–09</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05 006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">V288-田淑祥-EPA1信号-</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R 749.4</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>基础医学研究</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>EPA1-ROS-NLRP1信号在CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠中的变化</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The change of EPA1-ROS-NLRP1 signaling in CUMS-induced depression model mice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>田</surname><given-names>淑祥</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>Shuxiang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>刘</surname><given-names>梦晴</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Mengqing</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>杨</surname><given-names>寒</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Han</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>牛</surname><given-names>明光</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Niu</surname><given-names>Mingguang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>尹</surname><given-names>艳艳</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>Yanyan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution>安徽医科大学药学科学学院药理学教研室</institution>，<city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Pharmacology， School of Pharmacy， Anhui Medical University， Hefei</institution>　<postal-code>230032</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Yin Yanyan</named-content>， E-mail： <email>yinyanyan@ahmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">田淑祥</named-content>，女，硕士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">尹艳艳</named-content>，女，博士，教授，硕士生导师，通信作者，E-mail： <email>yinyanyan@ahmu.edu.cn</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-10T14：42：02"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date>    <history><date date-type="received">       <day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date>  </history><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-id>16</issue-id><fpage>836</fpage><lpage>844</lpage><page-range>836-844</page-range><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><sec><title>目的</title><p>探究吞蛋白A1（EPA1）-活性氧（ROS）-NLR家族pyrin结构域包含蛋白1（NLRP1）信号在慢性不可预见性温和应激（CUMS）诱导的抑郁模型小鼠中的表达变化。</p></sec><sec><title>方法</title><p>将50只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组和CUMS组（<italic>n</italic>=25），模型组小鼠接受为期42 d的CUMS诱导，造模后通过观察小鼠体质量、强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验、糖水偏好实验、高架十字迷宫实验和旷场实验检测小鼠行为变化；苏木精-伊红、尼氏染色观察海马 CA1、CA3 区神经元损伤；钙离子（Ca²⁺）试剂盒检测海马区Ca²⁺含量；免疫荧光检测海马区EPA1与NLRP1共定位及ROS变化情况；透射电镜观察海马神经元线粒体结构；Western blot检测小鼠海马区的钙激活中性蛋白酶1（Calpain-1）、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶2（NOX2）、NLRP1炎症小体及下游炎性蛋白与突触相关蛋白的表达水平。</p></sec><sec><title>结果</title><p>与对照组比较，CUMS组小鼠表现出抑郁样行为和海马神经元损伤；CUMS 组小鼠海马区 NLRP1与EPA1 表达均升高且二者共表达于海马神经元胞质与细胞膜上（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）；Ca²⁺浓度升高（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），且Calpain 1与 NOX2的蛋白表达水平上调（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）；ROS的平均荧光强度增加（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），且伴随神经元线粒体结构损伤；NLRP1及其下游炎性蛋白表达水平也同步上调（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），而突触相关蛋白表达水平显著降低（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）。</p></sec><sec><title>结论</title><p>EPA1在CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠中出现异常表达变化，该变化可能与ROS生成、NLRP1炎症小体激活及突触相关蛋白表达调控密切相关。</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To investigate the expression changes of the Endophilin A1 （EPA1）-reactive oxygen species （ROS）-NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 （NLRP1） signaling pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS）-induced depression model mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>50 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and CUMS model group（<italic>n</italic>=25）. The model mice received 42 days of CUMS stress exposure， after which behavioral changes were assessed through monitoring body weight， sucrose preference test， forced swim test， tail suspension test， open field test， and elevated plus-maze test. Hematoxylin-Eosin and Nissl staining were used to observe neuronal damage in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. Calcium ion （Ca²⁺） assay kit was used to detect Ca²⁺ levels in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to detect colocalization of EPA1 and NLRP1 as well as ROS changes in the hippocampus. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe mitochondrial structure in hippocampal neurons. The expression levels of calcium-activated neutral protease 1 （Calpain-1）， nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 （NOX2）， NLRP1 inflammasome， downstream inflammatory proteins， and synapse-associated proteins in the hippocampus of mice was detected by using Western blot.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Compared with the control group， mice in the CUMS model group exhibited depressive-like behavior and hippocampal neuronal damage. The levels of NLRP1 and EPA1 significantly increased in the hippocampus， and both were co-expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of hippocampal neurons in the CUMS group mice（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）. Ca²⁺ concentration was elevated（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）， and the protein levels of Calpain 1 and NOX2 were upregulated（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）. The average fluorescence intensity of ROS significantly increased， accompanied by structural damage to neuronal mitochondria（<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）. The levels of NLRP1 and its downstream inflammatory proteins significantly increased （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）， while the expression levels of synapse-associated proteins significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>EPA1 exhibits abnormal expression changes in CUMS-induced depression model mice， which may be closely associated with ROS generation， NLRP1 inflammasome activation， and the regulation of synaptic protein expression.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>抑郁症</kwd><kwd>吞蛋白A1</kwd><kwd>活性氧</kwd><kwd>NLRP1炎症小体</kwd><kwd>突触相关蛋白</kwd><kwd>钙离子</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>endophilin A1</kwd><kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd><kwd>NLRP1 inflammasome</kwd><kwd>synapse-related proteins</kwd><kwd>calcium ion</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>1908085MH270</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省转化医学研究院科研基金项目</funding-source><award-id>2021zhyx-C18</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>安徽省自然科学基金项目（编号：1908085MH270）；安徽省转化医学研究院科研基金项目（编号：2021zhyx-C18）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province</funding-source><award-id>1908085MH270</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Research Project of Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine</funding-source><award-id>2021zhyx-C18</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province （No.1908085MH270）； Research Project of Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine （No.2021zhyx-C18）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="5"/><table-count count="0"/><equation-count count="0"/><ref-count count="15"/><page-count count="9"/><word-count count="17506"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25091</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-06-30T11:07:13</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>抑郁症是常见情感类精神障碍，属慢性神经系统疾病，会影响情感活动与意志行为，表现为思维迟缓、睡眠障碍等，其发病机制不明且临床治疗手段有限，故寻找优质治疗靶点至关重要<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>］</sup>。吞蛋白A1（endophilin A1， EPA1）作为吞蛋白家族成员，主要分布于突触末梢，参与神经递质释放、突触囊泡循环调控，与癫痫、阿尔茨海默症等神经疾病相关<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>。EPA1作为钙调蛋白的直接效应器，通过结合钙调蛋白调控钙稳态，而钙超载会诱发氧化应激并释放活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS），过量ROS可激活NOD样受体家族含pyrin结构域蛋白1（NLR family pyrin domain containing 1， NLRP1）炎症小体，引发神经炎症<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。但目前关于EPA1在抑郁症相关信号通路中的调控作用及机制研究并不多见。因此，该研究使用慢性不可预知温和应激（chronic unpredictable mild stress，CUMS）来构建小鼠抑郁模型，观察EPA1表达及ROS/NLRP1炎症小体信号变化。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>材料与方法</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>材料</title><sec id="s1a1"><label>1.1.1</label><title>实验动物</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">50只C57BL/6雄性小鼠，体质量（22±2）g，7~8周龄，购自河南斯克贝斯生物技术有限公司，动物许可证号：SCXK（豫）2020-0005，动物使用许可证号：SYXK（皖）2022-004。饲养条件为温度（22±2）°C，湿度（60±5） %，光/暗周期12 h。本实验涉及的动物经安徽医科大学实验动物使用与护理伦理委员会批准（批号：LLSC20200251）。</p></sec><sec id="s1a2"><label>1.1.2</label><title>药品与试剂</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">ROS检测试剂盒、钙含量显色检测试剂盒（上海碧云天生物技术有限公司，货号：P00125、S0063）；兔源EPA1抗体（美国CST公司，货号：65169）；鼠源β-肌动蛋白（β-actin）抗体（北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司，货号：TA-09）；兔源NLRP1抗体（英国Abcam公司，货号：Ab36852）；兔源烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶2（NADPH oxidase 2，NOX2）抗体（北京博奥森公司，货号：bs-3889R）；兔源半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1（cysteine aspartate protease-1，Caspase-1）、兔源白细胞介素-18（interleukin-1β，IL-18）抗体、兔源钙激活中性蛋白酶 1（calcium-activated neutral protease 1，Calpain-1）、兔源突触素（synaptophysin，SYP）、兔源凋亡相关斑点样蛋白（apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD，ASC）、兔源脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor，BDNF）抗体（武汉三鹰公司，货号：22915-1-AP、10663-1-AP、10538-1-AP、17785-1-AP、10500-1-AP、28205-1-AP）；兔源IL-1β抗体、微管相关蛋白 2（microtubule-associated protein 2，MAP-2）、生长相关蛋白 43（growth-associated protein 43，GAP-43）抗体（美国Affinity公司，货号：AF5103、DF8406、DF7766）；尼氏（Nissl）染液、伊红染液、苏木精染液、兔源突触后致密物蛋白 95（postsynaptic density protein 95，PSD95）抗体（武汉赛维尔公司，货号：GP1043、GP1031、G1004、GB11277）。</p></sec><sec id="s1a3"><label>1.1.3</label><title>主要仪器</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">ANY-maze动物行为追踪分析系统（美国Stoeling公司），5 μL微量注射器和脑立体定位仪（深圳瑞沃德公司，型号：69100、788130），冰冻组织切片机、石蜡切片机、组织包埋机、组织脱水机（德国Leica公司，型号：CM3050、RM2235、EG1150、TP1020），PowerPac<sup>TM</sup>基础电泳仪电源（美国Bio-Rad公司，型号：1645052），Mini-PROTEAN<sup>®</sup>Tetra电泳槽、Chemi Doc成像系统（美国Bio-Rad公司，型号：1708280、TP1020），高速冷冻离心机（德国Hettich公司，型号：Mikro220R），酶标仪（美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司，型号：51119080），冰冻研磨仪（上海净信公司，型号：JXCL-6K），智能组织切片成像分析系统（匈牙利3DHISTECH公司，型号：PMIDI19M0901）。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>方法</title><sec id="s1b1"><label>1.2.1</label><title>动物造模及分组</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">小鼠在开放式笼子中适应性饲养1周后，随机均分为对照组和CUMS组，CUMS组小鼠接受为期42 d的CUMS诱导，单笼饲养，具体如下：束缚应激2 h、摇晃笼子10 min、45°倾斜鼠笼20 h、空笼24 h、断水断食24 h、悬挂尾部10 min、夹紧鼠尾5 min、4 ℃水中游泳5 min、45 ℃水中游泳5 min、打湿垫料24 h、光-暗循环24 h。每天随机给予3种刺激，连续42 d干预期间，每种刺激不能连续使用2 d且每种应激源刺激总数不超过3次。对照组的所有小鼠正常饲养，且没有接触受应激影响的动物。造模结束后，分别从对照组和CUMS组中随机选取12只小鼠进行行为学测试，随后用于Western blot和Ca<sup>2+</sup>含量测定；每组随机选取4只小鼠，用于苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin，HE）染色、Nissl染色和免疫荧光检测；每组随机选取4只小鼠用于ROS检测；每组随机选取3只小鼠用于电镜观察。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2"><label>1.2.2</label><title>行为学测试</title><sec id="s1b2a"><label>1.2.2.1</label><title>体质量和糖水偏好实验（sucrose preference test， SPT）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">每2周测定1次小鼠的体质量，6周造模完成后开展蔗糖偏好训练。先在24 h内每6 h互换装有清水和1%蔗糖溶液水瓶的位置，排除位置偏好影响。次日均换为1%的蔗糖溶液，训练小鼠适应能力，随后重复实验内容，在这期间，小鼠可以自由饮用任意两瓶水。24 h后，根据1%蔗糖溶液消耗量占总饮水量的比值计算蔗糖偏好率。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2b"><label>1.2.2.2</label><title>强迫游泳实验（forced swim test， FST）</title><p>将小鼠放入水温25 ℃、规格为30 cm ×10 cm的圆柱形水槽内，使其无法爪部触底而被迫游泳。通过视频监控记录小鼠的静止状态（仅头部露出水面、无主动游动），先让每只小鼠适应3 min，再记录后续4 min内的总静止时长。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2c"><label>1.2.2.3</label><title>悬尾实验（tail suspension test， TST）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将小鼠尾部用胶带固定在磁棒上，呈头低位悬挂状态，小鼠头部高度一致。总悬挂时长为6 min，让小鼠先适应环境2 min，适应结束后，使用与实验电脑相连的摄像设备记录小鼠的不动时间。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2d"><label>1.2.2.4</label><title>旷场实验（open field test， OFT）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将小鼠置于60 cm×60 cm×60 cm的旷场装置内，让其适应环境2 min后开始测试。在3 min观察期内，记录小鼠的总移动距离、平均运动速度、穿越次数及直立次数。每只小鼠测试完毕后，用 75% 乙醇擦拭旷场底板及内壁，清除气味残留，降低对后续动物的干扰。</p></sec><sec id="s1b2e"><label>1.2.2.5</label><title>高架十字迷宫实验（elevated plus-maze， EPM）</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">十字迷宫由4个臂（30 cm × 6 cm）和1个中心区域（6 cm × 6 cm）组成，中心区域放置在离地面80 cm高的架子上，封闭臂（墙高15 cm）和开放臂相互重叠。高架十字迷宫测试时，把小鼠平稳放置于迷宫中央区域，使其头部朝向开放臂，随即启动实验程序，由摄像装置记录5 min内小鼠活动轨迹。通过计算机软件记录小鼠的移动时长，并通过行为分析软件（EthoVision XT8.5）进行分析。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1b3"><label>1.2.3</label><title>动物组织病理样本处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">从每组中随机挑选4只小鼠，腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠，麻醉后采用心脏灌流取脑，取出全脑浸泡在4%多聚甲醛固定液中。</p></sec><sec id="s1b4"><label>1.2.4</label><title>ROS冰冻切片染色</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将固定的脑组织经30%蔗糖溶液进行沉糖脱水处理，置于含包埋剂的包埋盒内，随后放入冷冻切片机中进行固化。用冷冻切片机切成厚度为4 μm的切片，将切片置于载玻片中，滴加抗荧光淬灭剂孵育5 min，用流水冲洗10 min，再滴加ROS染色液，避光孵育30 min。孵育完成后，将玻片置于脱色摇床上，用PBS（pH 7.4）洗涤3次，每次5 min。擦干后用 DAPI染色10 min，随后封片。最后，将玻片放入智能组织切片成像分析系统（intelligent tissue section imaging and analysis system，ITAS）中进行观察和分析。</p></sec><sec id="s1b5"><label>1.2.5</label><title>HE染色</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将固定的脑组织进行沉糖（30%蔗糖溶液）脱水后，取出脑组织浸入液体石蜡中，放入包埋盒进行包埋，随后使用石蜡切片机切成 4 μm 厚的切片。用二甲苯和新鲜二甲苯对切片进行脱蜡处理，接着分别用无水乙醇和新鲜无水乙醇脱水5 min。之后用75%乙醇脱水 5 min，再进行水洗。HE染色，水洗，使用中性树胶封片，最后采集分析图像。</p></sec><sec id="s1b6"><label>1.2.6</label><title>Nissl染色</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">将脑组织切片脱蜡至水化后，滴加Nissl染液染色3~5 min，经水洗后，用0.1%冰醋酸分化切片，使用中性树胶封片，最后采集分析图像。</p></sec><sec id="s1b7"><label>1.2.7</label><title>免疫荧光</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">固定好的脑组织经过脱水、包埋、切片后，进行抗原修复，用3%过氧化物酶阻断剂孵育10 min，PBS清洗后用免疫封闭液避光室温封闭1 h，滴加EPA1一抗（1∶100）和NRLP1一抗（1∶200）在4 ℃孵育过夜。第2天，PBS清洗后，滴加山羊抗兔二抗（1∶500），室温避光孵育1 h，随后滴加 DAPI 染色液，室温避光孵育10 min。最后用抗荧光淬灭剂进行封片并使用ITAS采集图像进行分析。</p></sec><sec id="s1b8"><label>1.2.8</label><title>Ca<sup>2+</sup>含量检测</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">称取约20 mg海马组织，依据预实验确定的适宜比例，按组织与样品裂解液1∶（5~10）的比例加入EP管内，使用组织匀浆器充分匀浆，离心后收集待测样品的上清液。根据Ca<sup>2+</sup>检测试剂盒说明书进行操作，在575 nm波长处测量并记录吸光度（absorbance， <italic>A</italic>）。最后，根据测得的标准品各项指标拟合Ca<sup>2+</sup>含量标准曲线方程，再将待测样品<italic>A</italic>代入方程中，计算得出样品中Ca<sup>2+</sup>浓度。</p></sec><sec id="s1b9"><label>1.2.9</label><title>透射电镜</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">电镜固定液在4 ℃完全冷却，在玻璃片上滴1~2滴，然后将取好的海马组织置于固定液中，修剪至1 mm<sup>3</sup>，转移至装有专用电镜固定液的离心管内。最后，通过透射电子显微镜定位海马神经元，观察线粒体内部超微结构。</p></sec><sec id="s1b10"><label>1.2.10</label><title>Western blot试验</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">称取50 mg左右的小鼠海马组织，经研磨、裂解后，提取组织上清液放入EP管中，BCA法定量测定样品浓度，变性后的蛋白样品经过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳及转膜后，室温封闭1 h，一抗（1∶1 000）在4 ℃摇床上过夜孵育，二抗（1∶10 000）室温孵育1 h，最后按比例配制ECL超敏化学发光显色液进行显影，ImageJ软件进行条带分析。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>统计学处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件分析数据并做出统计图。所有实验数据均以<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="7.53533268" height="2.62466669"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>表示，采用Shapiro‑Wilk检验对数据进行正态性分析，符合正态分布的两组间差异分析采用独立样本<italic>t</italic>检验，<italic>P&lt;</italic>0.05为差异有统计学意义。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>结果</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>在CUMS诱导下小鼠行为学和海马神经元的病理变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">待小鼠适应1周后，接受为期42 d的CUMS刺激，随后进行抑郁样行为学检测，具体时间轴见图1A。与对照组比较，CUMS组小鼠的体质量在第4周、第6周降低（<italic>t</italic>=5.029、4.087，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），且糖水偏爱率也下降（<italic>t</italic>=7.369，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），见图1B、1C。同时，CUMS组小鼠在FST和TST中的不动时间明显增加（<italic>t</italic>=21.43、17.12，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），见图1D、1E。在OFT中，CUMS组小鼠的总移动距离、平均速度、穿越网格次数、站立次数明显减少（<italic>t</italic>=14.76、11.66、22.28、15.01，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），见图1F-1I。在EPM中，CUMS组小鼠的开臂时间也显著减少（<italic>t</italic>=12.51，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），见图1J。HE染色结果显示，相比对照组，CUMS组小鼠海马CA1和CA3神经元细胞形态异常，细胞核和细胞质边界模糊，核仁出现固缩且染色加深，见图1K。此外，Nissl染色结果显示，相比对照组，CUMS组小鼠海马CA1和CA3区域尼氏小体数量降低（<italic>t</italic>=7.062、5.653，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），部分尼氏小体形态结构异常，见图1L-1N。上述结果提示，CUMS组小鼠表现出明显的行为异常及海马神经元损伤，表明成功建立了CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠。</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05.006.F001</object-id><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F001.jpg" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="157.69168091" height="221.54711914"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="157.69168091" height="221.54711914"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="157.69168091" height="221.54711914"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><p specific-use="noneIndent">speed； H： The change of the number of crossings； I： The change of the number of stands up； J： The change of time in open arms； K： HE staining of the hippocampus   ×200， HE staining of the hippocampus CA1 and CA3   ×400； L： Nissl staining of the hippocampus   ×200， Nissl staining of the hippocampus CA1 and CA3   ×400； M， N： The mean density of Nissl staining in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3； a： Control group； b： CUMS group； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs </italic>Control group.</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>EPA1与NLRP1炎症小体在CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中的表达变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">相比对照组，CUMS组中小鼠海马部位CA1和CA3区域中的EPA1蛋白表达水平升高（<italic>t</italic>=8.55、10.78，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），同时NLRP1蛋白表达的水平也明显升高（<italic>t</italic>=12.94、7.31，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），且两种蛋白共定位于海马神经元的胞质和细胞膜。上述结果表明，CUMS应激可诱导海马关键脑区神经元内EPA1与NLRP1的异常激活。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">图2</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05.006.F002</object-id><label>图2</label><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>Changes of EPA1 and NLRP1 in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced depression model mice</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中EPA1和NLRP1的变化</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note" xml:lang="en"><p>A： Immunofluorescence images of EPA1 and NLRP1 in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3 ×400； B， C： The mean density of EPA1 in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3； D， E： The mean density of NLRP1 in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3； a： Control group； b： CUMS group； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs </italic>Control group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="166.86390686" height="123.47222137"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="166.86390686" height="123.47222137"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="166.86390686" height="123.47222137"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>Ca<sup>2+</sup>、Calpain-1、NOX2、ROS及线粒体结构在CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中的变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">与对照组比较，CUMS组小鼠海马组织中Ca<sup>2+</sup>含量显著增加（<italic>t</italic>=5.715，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），表明CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠存在钙稳态失衡现象，见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>A。相比对照组，CUMS组小鼠海马中Calpain-1和NOX2蛋白水平升高（<italic>t</italic>=9.319、9.327，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），同时小鼠海马组织中CA1和CA3区域的ROS平均荧光强度显著增加（<italic>t</italic>=17.66、21.96，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01），表明CUMS应激可激活Calpain-1/NOX2信号轴并促进ROS大量生成，见图<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>B-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>F。电镜结果显示，相比对照组，CUMS组小鼠海马神经元超微结构出现明显损伤，表现为细胞肿胀、细胞质内细胞器大量减少、核膜间隙扩大及核固缩等现象，只有少量线粒体呈空泡状且内部结构损伤，见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">图3</xref>G。以上实验结果表明，CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠出现钙超载现象，钙超载进一步激活Calpain-1与NOX2，促进ROS大量生成并诱发氧化应激，最终导致神经元线粒体结构损伤。</p><fig position="float" id="F3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05.006.F003</object-id><label>图 3</label><caption><title>CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马体中 Ca<sup>2+</sup>、Calpain1、NOX2、ROS及线粒体结构的变化</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig. 3</label><title>Changes of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Calpain 1, NOX2, ROS and mitochondrial structure in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced depression model mice</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A: The content of Ca<sup>2+</sup>; B,C: The expression of Calpain-1, NOX2; D: The production of ROS in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3   ×400; E, F: The production of ROS in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3; G: Transmission electron microscopy images of hippocampal neurons   ×20 000; a: Control group; b: CUMS group; <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs</italic> Control group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F003.eps" id="Graphic3"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="158.75000000"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="158.75000000"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="162.27777100" height="158.75000000"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2d"><label>2.4</label><title>NLRP1 炎症小体及相关炎症蛋白在CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中的变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">过量累积的ROS可诱导 NLRP1 活化并启动炎症反应，CUMS组海马中NLRP1、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18的蛋白表达量较对照组明显升高（<italic>t</italic>=10.21、9.34、8.94、9.57、11.71，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）。上述结果表明，在 CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中NLRP1 炎症小体通路被显著激活。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">图4</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05.006.F004</object-id><label>图 4</label><caption><title>CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马体中NLRP1 炎症小体及相关炎症细胞因子的表达</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.4</label><title>The expression of NLRP1 inflammasome and associated inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced depression model mice</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A-E： The expression of NLRP1， ASC， Caspase-1， IL-1β， IL-18； a： Control group； b： CUMS group； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs</italic> Control group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F004.eps" id="Graphic4"><?fx-imagestate width="167.92222595" height="88.19445038"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="167.92222595" height="88.19445038"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="167.92222595" height="88.19445038"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2e"><label>2.5</label><title>突触相关蛋白在CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马中的表达变化</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">突触相关蛋白的表达变化可直接反映海马神经元功能状态，与对照组相比，CUMS组小鼠海马中BDNF、PSD95、SYP、GAP-43、MAP-2的蛋白水平显著降低（<italic>t</italic>=15.44、5.38、10.52、7.91、18.30，<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01）。上述结果表明，CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马区出现突触相关蛋白表达异常。见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">图5</xref>。</p><fig position="float" id="F5"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.05.006.F005</object-id><label>图 5</label><caption><title>CUMS 诱导的抑郁模型小鼠海马体中突触相关蛋白的变化</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.5</label><title>Changes of synaptic-associated proteins in the hippocampus of CUMS-induced depression model mice</title></abstract><abstract abstract-type="note"><p>A-E： The expression of BDNF， PSD95， SYP， GAP-43， MAP-2； a： Control group； b： CUMS group； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01 <italic>vs</italic> Control group.</p></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F005.eps" id="Graphic5"><?fx-imagestate width="166.15832520" height="87.48888397"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F005.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="166.15832520" height="87.48888397"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/5FB05123-532A-4ed2-BA03-6B2C5BAA21BD-F005c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="166.15832520" height="87.48888397"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>讨论</title><p>抑郁症是一类发病广泛且病理机制复杂的神经精神疾病，严重威胁人类身心健康。CUMS 是模拟抑郁症环境诱因的经典模型，通过长期不可预测的温和应激稳定诱导小鼠出现抑郁样行为，其病理生理特征与临床高度契合<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>。本研究结果显示，CUMS 组小鼠蔗糖偏好率降低、探索能力显著降低并伴随明显的焦虑及绝望样行为，结合相关病理检测结果，表明CUMS诱导的抑郁小鼠模型构建成功。目前已有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>表明，EPA1在海马神经元中的异常表达参与多种神经精神疾病的病理进程，提示其可能调控抑郁症的发生发展。</p><p>CUMS诱导的应激反应可触发中枢神经系统氧化应激失衡，这是抑郁症发生发展的重要病理基础之一<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>。ROS作为关键细胞内信号分子，其异常蓄积可通过氧化修饰生物大分子，破坏神经元稳态，降低突触可塑性，加剧抑郁样行为。值得注意的是，钙信号失衡可能是介导应激刺激与氧化应激损伤的关键枢纽<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。已有研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>证实，吞蛋白家族可促进Ca²⁺内流，细胞内Ca²⁺稳态失衡会引发钙超载，进而损伤线粒体结构与功能，并促使大量ROS释放，并且Calpain-1的活性直接受 Ca²⁺浓度调控，细胞内 Ca²⁺稳态失衡可激活 Calpain-1，进而参与神经炎症与氧化应激的发生发展。本研究结果显示，CUMS模型小鼠海马区 EPA1蛋白表达水平及Ca²⁺含量显著升高，同时伴随Calpain-1激活与ROS水平显著上调，进一步加剧线粒体结构损伤。由此可见，CUMS诱导的应激刺激可能首先触发突触Ca²⁺内流增加，引发钙超载，继而通过激活 Calpain-1、破坏线粒体功能等途径，加剧海马区的氧化应激损伤。</p><p>ROS过量蓄积可激活 NLRP1炎症小体，触发氧化应激依赖性神经炎症，而神经炎症是介导突触损伤的核心机制。从信号传导来看，过量ROS可能通过氧化修饰NLRP1蛋白的关键位点或损伤溶酶体膜导致组织蛋白酶释放，触发NLRP1炎症小体的组装与活化，活化的NLRP1可进一步激活Caspase-1，促进促炎细胞因子释放<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。这些促炎细胞因子一方面可通过核因子κB（nuclear factor kappa-B，NF-κB）等经典抑郁相关信号通路，使小胶质细胞与星形胶质细胞活化，诱导神经炎症反应，另一方面可直接作用于神经元，抑制突触前膜神经递质释放、降低突触后膜受体敏感性，调控突触发生相关基因的表达，最终破坏突触结构，降低突触可塑性，进而诱发抑郁样行为<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>。本研究结果显示，CUMS模型小鼠海马区 NLRP1炎症小体相关分子（NLRP1、ASC、Caspase-1）及下游促炎细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-18）的表达水平均显著上调，同时BDNF、PSD95等突触相关蛋白表达显著降低，提示CUMS可能通过激活NLRP1炎症小体诱发炎症反应，进而介导海马突触损伤。而突触可塑性作为海马区神经功能的核心，不仅调控着神经元间信号传递的效率，更直接影响着大脑对情绪的处理与适应能力。</p><p>综上所述，本研究探讨了EPA1-ROS-NLRP1信号在CUMS诱导的抑郁模型小鼠中出现的异常变化，该变化可能通过调控氧化应激与炎症反应，促使突触相关蛋白下调，进而导致海马神经元损伤。但具体相关机制还需进一步研究，后续课题组将在实验中通过病毒干扰等技术针对EPA1基因进行干预，进一步探究EPA1在抑郁症发病中的具体机制，为临床上治疗抑郁症提供新的思路。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name name-style="eastern"><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>， <name name-style="eastern"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>， <etal>et al</etal></person-group>. <article-title>The pathogenesis and medical treatment of depression： opportunity and 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