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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="zh" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/xsd/JATS-journalpublishing1.xsd"><front><journal-meta><!-- 出版商赋予期刊ID--><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">YIKE</journal-id><journal-title-group><!-- 期刊中文全称--><journal-title>安徽医科大学学报</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文全称--><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</journal-title><!-- 期刊英文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="en">Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui</abbrev-journal-title><!-- 期刊中文缩写--><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">安徽医科大学学报</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><!-- 期刊ISSN号--><issn pub-type="ppub">1000-1492</issn><!-- 期刊CN号--><issn pub-type="cn">34-1065/R</issn><publisher><!--出版商英文名称【预置实体】 待确认 --><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Anhui Lianzhong Printing Limited Company</publisher-name><!--出版商英文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc xml:lang="en">Editorial Board of Acta Universitatis Medi-cinalis Anhui Meishan Road , Hefei 230032</publisher-loc><!-- 出版商中文名称【预置实体】--><publisher-name>《安徽医科大学学报》编辑部</publisher-name><!--出版商中文地址【预置实体】 --><publisher-loc>安徽省合肥市安徽医科大学校内老图书馆三楼</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1000–1492（2026）06–1136–07</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">V331 马菊</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="clc"><subject>R 781.4</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="dc"><subject>A</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>临床医学研究</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>认知功能正常的中老年人群中牙周炎与脑功能的相关性探究</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Exploring the association between periodontitis and brain function in cognitively normal middle-aged and elderly individuals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>马</surname><given-names>菊</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Ju</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>李</surname><given-names>晓舒</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xiaoshu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>陶</surname><given-names>玉飞</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tao</surname><given-names>Yufei</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>朱</surname><given-names>婉秋</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Wanqiu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>陈</surname><given-names>晓</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Xiao</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern"><surname>余</surname><given-names>永强</given-names></name><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Yongqiang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fna2"/></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><label>1</label><institution>安徽医科大学第一附属医院放射科</institution>， <city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230022</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Radiology， The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>  <postal-code>230022</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><label>2</label><institution>安徽医科大学 合肥口腔临床学院，合肥市口腔医院牙周科</institution>， <city>合肥</city>  <postal-code>230001</postal-code></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Periodontics， Hefei Stomatological Hospital &amp; Hefei Stomatological Clinic College，  Anhui Medical University</institution>， <city>Hefei</city>  <postal-code>230001</postal-code></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp xml:lang="en" id="cor1"><named-content content-type="corresp-name">Yu Yongqiang</named-content>， E-mail： <email>cjr.yuyongqiang@vip.163.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna1"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">马  菊</named-content>，女，硕士研究生</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" specific-use="about-author" id="fna2"><p><named-content content-type="corresp-name">余永强</named-content>，男，教授，博士生导师，通信作者，E-mail：<email>cjr.yuyongqiang@vip.163.com</email></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03T14：49：38"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-id>17</issue-id><fpage>1136</fpage><lpage>1142</lpage><page-range>1136-1142</page-range>    <history>   <date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history>  <abstract abstract-type="key-points"><sec><title>目的</title><p>探究认知功能正常的中老年人群中牙周炎严重程度与脑功能指标低频振幅（ALFF）及分数低频振幅（fALFF）的关系，并分析其与认知表现的关联。</p></sec><sec><title>方法</title><p>纳入42例认知功能正常的中老年受试者，收集其牙周［包括余留牙齿数量（NTP）、探诊出血阳性率（BOP%）、探诊深度（PD）以及临床附着丧失（CAL）］及脑静息态功能磁共振数据。根据牙周炎严重程度，将其分为轻度组与中重度组，比较两组ALFF和fALFF差别并进行相关性分析。</p></sec><sec><title>结果</title><p>与轻度牙周炎组相比，中重度组右侧舌回、枕上回及中央旁小叶、左侧距状皮层及中央前、后回ALFF降低；右侧舌回及楔叶、左侧距状皮层fALFF降低。牙周炎进展相关的指标 ［BOP%， PD=4~5 mm（%），PD≥6 mm（%），CAL=3~4 mm（%）和CAL≥5 mm（%）］与ALFF和fALFF及认知评分呈负相关，而反映牙周功能较好的指标 ［PD=1~3 mm（%）和CAL=0~2 mm（%）］与其呈正相关。</p></sec><sec><title>结论</title><p>在认知功能正常的中老年人群中，牙周炎严重程度与脑功能改变及认知表现存在相关性。</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract abstract-type="key-points" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To investigate the relationship between periodontitis severity and brain functional indices-amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations （ALFF） and fractional ALFF （fALFF） in cognitively normal middle-aged and older adults， and to examine their associations with cognitive performance.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>42 cognitively normal middle-aged and older participants were enrolled. Periodontal data—including the number of remaining teeth （NTP）， bleeding on probing positivity rate （BOP%）， probing depth （PD）， and clinical attachment loss （CAL） as well as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. Participants were divided into a mild periodontitis group and a moderate-to-severe periodontitis group according to periodontitis severity. Group differences in ALFF and fALFF were compared， and correlation analyses were performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Compared with the mild periodontitis group， the moderate-to-severe group showed decreased ALFF values in the right lingual gyrus， superior occipital gyrus， paracentral lobule， and in the left calcarine cortex as well as the precentral and postcentral gyri. Decreased fALFF values were observed in the right lingual gyrus， cuneus， and left calcarine cortex. Indicators related to periodontitis progression ［BOP%， PD=4-5 mm （%）， PD≥6 mm （%）， CAL=3-4 mm （%） and CAL≥5 mm （%）］ were negatively correlated with ALFF， fALFF and cognitive performance， whereas indicators reflecting better periodontal function ［PD=1-3 mm （%） and CAL=0-2 mm （%）］ were positively correlated with these measures.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In cognitively normal middle-aged and older adults， periodontitis severity is associated with alterations in brain functional activity and cognitive performance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>牙周炎</kwd><kwd>脑功能</kwd><kwd>低频振幅</kwd><kwd>分数低频振幅</kwd><kwd>磁共振成像</kwd><kwd>认知功能</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>periodontitis</kwd><kwd>brain function</kwd><kwd>low-frequency fluctuations</kwd><kwd>fractional low-frequency fluctuations</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>cognitive function</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>国家自然科学基金项目</funding-source><award-id>82371928</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>安徽省高校科研项目</funding-source><award-id>2022AH051138</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>国家自然科学基金项目（编号：82371928）；安徽省高校科研项目（编号：2022AH051138）</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><award-group><funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source><award-id>82371928</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee</funding-source><award-id>2022AH051138</award-id></award-group><funding-statement>National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 82371928）； Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee （No. 2022AH051138）</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"/><table-count count="6"/><equation-count count="2"/><ref-count count="15"/><page-count count="7"/><word-count count="16781"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>version</meta-name><meta-value>1.0.0.25091</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>structure-time</meta-name><meta-value>2026-07-29T16:02:50</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>word-source</meta-name><meta-value>FX</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>牙周炎是一种慢性炎性疾病，其特征是牙周组织逐步破坏，最终导致牙齿脱落<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>］</sup>。牙周炎的慢性炎症不仅局限于口腔，还可以通过血液循环、神经或免疫途径引起全身炎症反应，参与全身性疾病的发生发展，如阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease， AD）、糖尿病等<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>］</sup>。研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">4</xref>］</sup>表明牙周炎患者的认知功能下降风险升高，与AD的发生存在显著关联。牙周炎致病菌可通过加剧血脑屏障退化、诱发神经炎症、损伤脑血管等途径参与AD的病理进展<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>］</sup>。牙周炎作为一种可治疗的疾病，其对AD的防控具有重要意义。但如果已发展到认知损伤阶段再进行干预，往往为时已晚，若能在认知正常阶段进行早期防控和治疗，意义将更加重大。</p><p>低频振幅（low-frequency fluctuations，ALFF）和分数低频振幅（fractional low-frequency fluctuations，fALFF）均可反映脑区自发性活动强度<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">8</xref>］</sup>。目前关于ALFF和fALFF与牙周炎的相关研究有限。因此，该研究旨在认知正常的中老年人群中，比较轻度、中重度牙周炎患者的脑ALFF和fALFF差异，探讨牙周炎与认知、脑功能变化之间的关联。</p><sec id="s1"><label>1</label><title>材料与方法</title><sec id="s1a"><label>1.1</label><title>研究对象</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">本研究共从社区纳入44例认知正常受试者，其中2例受试者因影像数据质量不佳被排除，最终样本量为42。受试者需满足以下纳入标准：右利手、年龄&gt;50 岁、全身身体状况正常、整体认知功能正常［（简易精神状态量表（mini-mental state examination，MMSE） 评分≥26；临床痴呆量表（clinical dementia rating，CDR）评分=0］、慢性牙周炎患者。所有受试者的排除标准如下：有其他神经疾病或精神疾病病史，或有导致意识丧失的头部外伤史；神经心理评估24 h内使用过镇静药物；存在药物或酒精成瘾；曾长期接触神经毒性物质。所有受试者均来自同一研究基地，以确保检查流程和实验方案的统一性。所有受试者均在一周之内完成牙周状态检查、静息态功能磁共振数据采集及认知功能评估。本研究已通过安徽医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批（伦理学批号：PJ 2024-09-28），并遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》开展。所有受试者在接受检查与评估前均签署了书面知情同意书。所有受试者均接受了脑部磁共振成像扫描、牙周检查及认知评估。</p></sec><sec id="s1b"><label>1.2</label><title>口腔状况检查</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">牙周检查参照既往研究<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>］</sup>中的方法。牙周临床指标包括余留牙齿数量（number of teeth present，NTP）（口腔内检查可见所有除阻生齿以外剩余牙齿数量）、探诊出血阳性率（bleeding on probing positive rate，BOP%）（牙周探诊探查牙周袋后牙龈出血位点数占全口牙齿探诊位点数的百分比）、探诊深度（probing depth，PD）（牙龈边缘至牙周袋底部的距离）及临床附着丧失（clinical attachment loss，CAL）（从釉牙骨质界到牙周袋底的距离）。分别以PD=1~3 mm、PD=4~5 mm、PD≥6 mm、CAL=0~2 mm、CAL=3~4 mm以及CAL≥5 mm位点占全口牙齿探诊位点数的百分比作为细化评估牙周炎程度的标准。所有受试者均依据以下条件被诊断为牙周炎：在≥2颗不相邻的牙齿上可检测到CAL或在≥2颗牙齿上可检测到颊侧或舌/腭侧CAL≥3 mm且PD&gt;3 mm。牙周炎严重程度依据2018年世界研讨会分类系统进行分级：Ⅰ期（轻度或初期牙周炎）：CAL1~2 mm、PD≤4 mm且无牙周炎致牙缺失；Ⅱ期（中度牙周炎）：CAL3~4 mm、PD≤5 mm且无牙周炎致牙缺失；Ⅲ期/Ⅳ期（重度牙周炎）：CAL≥5 mm、PD≥6 mm，并伴有Ⅱ-Ⅳ度根分叉病变、牙周原因导致的牙齿缺失史、继发性咬合创伤所致的牙齿明显松动，以及牙齿缺失的后果（如后牙咬合塌陷与牙列漂移）<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>］</sup>。由于重度牙周炎患者人数较少，将中度牙周炎组与重度牙周炎组合并。后续所有分析均在轻度牙周炎组（<italic>n</italic>=15）与中重度牙周炎组（<italic>n</italic>=27）之间进行。</p></sec><sec id="s1c"><label>1.3</label><title>认知评估</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">每位参与者均接受了认知测试，包括用于评估MMSE，用于评估情景记忆的听觉词语学习测验（auditory verbal learning test， AVLT），以及用于评估工作记忆与注意功能的数字广度测验（digital span test， DST）。</p></sec><sec id="s1d"><label>1.4</label><title>磁共振扫描</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">采用美国GE Discovery 750w 3.0T超导全身磁共振成像扫描仪，24通道头颈联合线圈，扫描前嘱被试闭目并保持清醒状态，保持身体静止，并以海绵垫固定头部。高分辨率三维T1加权图像通过脑容积序列采集，具体参数如下：TR 8.5 ms，TE 3.2 ms，TI 450 ms，FA 12°，FOV 256 mm ×256 mm；矩阵 256×256，层厚1 mm（无层间隔），层数188层，扫描时间296 s。静息态功能磁共振成像的血氧水平依赖性数据通过梯度回波<italic>-</italic>单次激发回波平面成像序列（gradient-recalled echo-single-shot-echo-planar imaging，GRE-SS-EPI）序列采集，参数如下：TR 2 000 ms，TE 30 ms，FA 90°，FOV 220 mm ×220 mm，矩阵 64×64，层厚3 mm（层间隔 1mm），层数35层，采集185个时间点，扫描时间370 s。此外，还采集常规T2加权图像（T2-weighted imaging，T2WI）、液体衰减反转恢复（fluid-attenuated inversion recovery，FLAIR）图像，以排除脑部器质性疾病。</p></sec><sec id="s1e"><label>1.5</label><title>图像预处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">静息态功能磁共振数据采用 SPM12 软件及DPABI（Data Processing &amp; Analysis of Brain Imaging，<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rfmri.org/dpabi">http：//rfmri.org/dpabi</ext-link>）进行预处理。具体步骤包括：① 格式转换：将DICOM图像转换为NIFTI格式；② 剔除前10个时间点；③ 时间层校正；④ 头动校正：剔除头动超过3 mm 或 3°的被试者；⑤ 计算帧向位移（framewise displacement，FD）；⑥ 回归多个干扰变量，包括线性漂移、基于Friston-24模型的头动参数、FD&gt;0.5、白质信号以及脑脊液信号；⑦ 空间标准化：其中重采样为3 mm<sup>3</sup>体素；⑧ 空间平滑：使用半峰全宽值为6 mm高斯核进行平滑。ALFF是采用滤波范围为0.01~0.08 Hz的低频频段<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>］</sup>；fALFF是ALFF标准化的指标，是低频 （0.01~0.08 Hz） 功率谱与整个频率范围功率谱的比率<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>］</sup>。ALFF反映低频血氧水平依赖信号波动的绝对振幅，具有较高敏感性；而fALFF为低频功率占全频段功率的比例，可在一定程度上降低生理噪声及非特异性波动影响，提高结果的特异性与稳定性。因而，本研究联合采用ALFF与fALFF进行分析，一方面用于相互补充与交叉验证，提高结果稳健性；另一方面，当两者存在一致或不一致改变时，可为理解自发活动异常的频段特征提供更细化线索。</p></sec><sec id="s1f"><label>1.6</label><title>统计学处理</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">所有统计分析均采用 SPSS 26.0 软件完成，符合正态分布的变量采用独立样本<italic>t</italic>检验，非正态分布变量则采用Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>检验，性别比例的组间比较采用卡方检验。脑静息态功能磁共振数据在MATLAB平台上采用SPM12软件（<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/">https：//www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12/</ext-link>）进行分析处理。首先构建一般线性模型，年龄、性别、受教育年限及FD作为协变量，进行基于体素水平的独立样本<italic>t</italic>检验。结果采用簇水平校正：初始阈值设定为<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001，随后采用错误发现率（false discovery rate，FDR）方法进行簇水平多重比较校正（校正后<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05），同时设定簇水平体素阈值为≥10个体素，以筛选具有统计学意义的差异脑区。</p><p>选取ALFF或fALFF存在显著组间差异的脑区作为感兴趣区（region of interest， ROI），并将这些脑区的 ALFF和fALFF值与临床牙周指标及认知功能进行偏相关分析，将年龄、头动、性别及受教育年限作为协变量，以<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05为差异有统计学意义，同时对偏相关分析结果采用Benjamini-Hochber方法进行FDR校正。</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><label>2</label><title>结果</title><sec id="s2a"><label>2.1</label><title>受试者人口学信息统计</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">15例轻度牙周炎患者和27例中重度牙周炎患者的人口学特征、临床特征及神经心理学评分见<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">表1</xref>。两组在年龄、性别、受教育程度、头动、MMSE、AVLT、DST及NTP未观察到显著差异；但在BOP%、PD及CAL上，两组差异具有统计学意义，具体表现为中重度牙周炎组的BOP%更高，牙周袋PD更大，CAL更严重。</p><table-wrap id="T1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T001</object-id><label>表1</label><caption><p>轻度与中重度两组组间人口学信息统计 ［<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>M</italic> （<italic>P<sub>25</sub></italic>， <italic>P<sub>75</sub></italic>）］</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.1</label><title>Intergroup comparison of demographic characteristics between mild and moderate-severe groups ［<inline-formula><alternatives><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-M001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-M001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="1.35466671" height="2.03200006"?></graphic></alternatives></inline-formula>±<italic>s</italic>，<italic>M</italic> （<italic>P<sub>25</sub></italic>， <italic>P<sub>75</sub></italic>）］</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table1"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Variable</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Mild periodontitis</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Moderate-to-severe periodontitis</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><italic>P </italic>value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">Sex （Female/Male）</td><td align="center">6/9</td><td align="center">5/22</td><td align="center">0.129</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Age （year）</td><td align="center">57.00 （51.00， 65.00）</td><td align="center">56.00 （54.00， 61.00）</td><td align="center">0.792</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Years of education</td><td align="center">7.00 ± 4.16</td><td align="center">9.33 ± 2.70</td><td align="center">0.052</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">FD （mm）</td><td align="center">0.157 （0.09， 0.27）</td><td align="center">0.12 （0.09， 0.23）</td><td align="center">0.181</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">MMSE</td><td align="center">29.00 （27.00， 29.00）</td><td align="center">28.00 （27.00， 30.00）</td><td align="center">0.767</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-immediate</td><td align="center">7.97 ± 2.47</td><td align="center">7.66 ± 1.97</td><td align="center">0.661</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-delayed</td><td align="center">9.00 ± 2.90</td><td align="center">7.89 ± 2.14</td><td align="center">0.164</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-recall</td><td align="center">13.00 （13.00， 15.00）</td><td align="center">13.00 （12.00， 14.00）</td><td align="center">0.443</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DST-forward</td><td align="center">8.00 （7.00， 9.00）</td><td align="center">7.00 （6.00， 8.00）</td><td align="center">0.064</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DST-backward</td><td align="center">4.00 （4.00， 5.00）</td><td align="center">4.00 （3.00， 4.00）</td><td align="center">0.388</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">NTP （<italic>n</italic>）</td><td align="center">29.07 ± 2.28</td><td align="center">27.81 ± 3.40</td><td align="center">0.212</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">BOP%</td><td align="center">44.64 （15.63， 75.00）</td><td align="center">82.03 （66.07， 94.17）</td><td align="center">0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">PD=1-3 mm</td><td align="center">93.55 （85.71， 98.61）</td><td align="center">45.16 （15.63， 69.23）</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">PD=4-5 mm</td><td align="center">4.69 （1.39， 13.33）</td><td align="center">48.55 （23.72， 56.00）</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">PD≥6 mm</td><td align="center">0 （0， 0）</td><td align="center">0 （0， 17.86）</td><td align="center">0.013</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">CAL=0-2 mm</td><td align="center">100.00 （100.00， 100.00）</td><td align="center">58.06 （20.00， 75.00）</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">CAL=3-4 mm</td><td align="center">0 （0， 0）</td><td align="center">35.48 （22.58， 46.88）</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">CAL≥5 mm</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0 （0， 0）</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0 （0， 26.19）</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.002</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="87.28600311"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="87.28600311"?></graphic></alternatives></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s2b"><label>2.2</label><title>两组间ALFF和fALFF值差异脑区</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在控制年龄、性别、教育年限和FD后，与轻度牙周炎组相比，中重度牙周炎组在右侧舌回、右侧中央旁小叶、左侧中央后回、左侧距状皮层、左侧中央前回、右侧枕上回的ALFF值显著减低，在右侧舌回、右侧楔叶、左侧距状皮层的fALFF值显著减低（见<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">表2</xref>、<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">表3</xref>，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">图1</xref>、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">图2</xref>）。</p><table-wrap id="T2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T002</object-id><label>表2</label><caption><p>不同牙周炎严重程度组间ALFF存在显著差异的脑区</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.2</label><title>Brain regions with significant differences in ALFF among groups with different periodontitis severity</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table2"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Region</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Number of voxels</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>MNI coordinates</p><p>（<italic>x</italic>，<italic> y</italic>， <italic>z</italic>）</p></th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><italic>t</italic>-score</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR  </sub>value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">72</td><td align="center">9， -69， -3</td><td align="center">-4.85</td><td align="center">0.003</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Right superior occipital gyrus</td><td align="center">56</td><td align="center">21， -84， 21</td><td align="center">-4.31</td><td align="center">0.006</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center">46</td><td align="center">3， -90， 9</td><td align="center">-4.23</td><td align="center">0.008</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Right paracentral lobule</td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">9， -30， 69</td><td align="center">-5.30</td><td align="center">0.008</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Left precentral gyrus</td><td align="center">33</td><td align="center">-27， -6， 63</td><td align="center">-4.74</td><td align="center">0.024</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">Left postcentral gyrus</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">32</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-18， -33， 72</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-5.06</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.024</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19582367" height="44.21008301"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19582367" height="44.21008301"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MNI： montreal neurological institute.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T003</object-id><label>表3</label><caption><p>不同牙周炎严重程度组间fALFF存在显著差异的脑区</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.3</label><title>Brain regions with significant differences in fALFF among groups with different periodontitis severity</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table3"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Region</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Number of voxels</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><p>MNI coordinates</p><p>（<italic>x</italic>，<italic> y</italic>， <italic>z</italic>）</p></th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><italic>t</italic>-score</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;"><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR </sub>value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">111</td><td align="center">6， -75， -6</td><td align="center">-5.84</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">Right cuneus</td><td align="center">63</td><td align="center">15， -81， 30</td><td align="center">-5.44</td><td align="center">&lt;0.001</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">20</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-12， -72， -6</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-3.95</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.030</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T003.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="23.02208328"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T003c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="81.19583130" height="23.02208328"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MNI： montreal neurological institute.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig position="float" id="F1"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.F001</object-id><label>图1</label><caption><title>不同牙周炎严重程度组间ALFF存在显著差异的脑区</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.1</label><title>Brain regions with significant differences in ALFF among groups with different periodontitis severity</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F001.eps" id="Graphic1"><?fx-imagestate width="126.64722443" height="91.72222137"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F001.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="126.64722443" height="91.72222137"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F001c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="126.64722443" height="91.72222137"?></graphic></alternatives></fig><fig position="float" id="F2"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.F002</object-id><label>图2</label><caption><title>不同牙周炎严重程度组间fALFF存在显著差异的脑区</title></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Fig.2</label><title>Brain regions with significant differences in fALFF among groups with different periodontitis severity</title></abstract><alternatives><graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="media/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F002.eps" id="Graphic2"><?fx-imagestate width="127.35277557" height="45.50833130"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F002.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="127.35277557" height="45.50833130"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-F002c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="127.35277557" height="45.50833130"?></graphic></alternatives></fig></sec><sec id="s2c"><label>2.3</label><title>ALFF、fALFF值、牙周指标及认知功能的相关性分析</title><p specific-use="noneIndent">在控制年龄、性别、教育年限及FD后，ALFF和fALFF值、牙周指标及AVLT、DST量表的相关性，具体<italic>P</italic>值与相关系数<italic>r</italic>值详见<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">表4</xref>~<xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">表6</xref>。总体而言，与牙周炎进展相关的指标［包括BOP（%）， PD=4~5 mm（%）， PD≥6 mm（%），CAL=3~4 mm（%）和CAL≥5 mm（%）］与ALFF、fALFF及AVLT、DST量表呈负相关；而反映牙周功能相对较好的指标［PD=1~3 mm（%）和CAL=0~2 mm（%）］与ALFF和fALFF及AVLT、DST量表呈正相关。部分脑区的ALFF和fALFF值与AVLT、DST量表呈正相关（未校正）。</p><table-wrap id="T4"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T004</object-id><label>表4</label><caption><p>ALFF和fALFF值与牙周指标相关性分析<italic>r</italic>值</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.4</label><title><italic>r</italic> values for the correlations of ALFF and fALFF values and periodontal indices</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table4"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Region</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">BOP （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD=1-3 mm</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD=4-5 mm</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD≥6 mm</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL=0-2 mm</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL=3-4 mm</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL≥5 mm</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">ALFF</td><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.283</td><td align="center">0.374<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.388<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.198</td><td align="center">0.310</td><td align="center">-0.353<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.139</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right superior occipital gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.305</td><td align="center">0.449<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.416<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.306</td><td align="center">0.394<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.383<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.260</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center">-0.338</td><td align="center">0.492<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.453<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.339<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.444<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.459<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.257</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right paracentral lobule</td><td align="center">-0.246</td><td align="center">0.511<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.421<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.419<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">0.471<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.402<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.380<sup>#*</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left precentral gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.102</td><td align="center">0.327<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.387<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.110</td><td align="center">0.324<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.333<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.190</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left postcentral gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.362<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.399<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.480<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.125</td><td align="center">0.349<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.461<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.075</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">fALFF</td><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.271</td><td align="center">0.501<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.479<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.320</td><td align="center">0.469<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.488<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.268</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right cuneus</td><td align="center">-0.388<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">0.637<sup>###***</sup></td><td align="center">-0.561<sup>###**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.472<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">0.558<sup>###**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.462<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.468<sup>##**</sup></td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;padding-left:1.31em;">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.269</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.468<sup>##**</sup></td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.356<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.423<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.378<sup>#*</sup></td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.283</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.356<sup>#*</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T004.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.80000305" height="60.00000000"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T004c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.80000305" height="60.00000000"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05； <sup>##</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01； <sup>###</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR</sub>&lt;0.05； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR</sub>&lt;0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T5"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T005</object-id><label>表5</label><caption><p>ALFF和fALFF值与认知功能相关性分析<italic>r</italic>值</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.5</label><title><italic>r</italic> values for the correlations of ALFF and fALFF values and cognitive function</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table5"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Region</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">MMSE</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">AVLT-immediate</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">AVLT-delayed</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">AVLT-recall</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">DST-forward</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">DST-backward</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">ALFF</td><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">0.096</td><td align="center">0.301</td><td align="center">0.273</td><td align="center">0.162</td><td align="center">0.164</td><td align="center">0.132</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right superior occipital gyrus</td><td align="center">0.056</td><td align="center">0.394<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.363<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.227</td><td align="center">0.309</td><td align="center">0.301</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center">-0.120</td><td align="center">0.193</td><td align="center">0.299</td><td align="center">0.119</td><td align="center">0.282</td><td align="center">0.072</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right paracentral lobule</td><td align="center">0.267</td><td align="center">0.489<sup>##</sup></td><td align="center">0.271</td><td align="center">0.203</td><td align="center">0.348<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.160</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left precentral gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.089</td><td align="center">0.181</td><td align="center">0.276</td><td align="center">0.222</td><td align="center">0.229</td><td align="center">0.029</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Left postcentral gyrus</td><td align="center">-0.011</td><td align="center">0.298</td><td align="center">0.286</td><td align="center">0.150</td><td align="center">0.339<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.165</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">fALFF</td><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/><td align="left"/></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right lingual gyrus</td><td align="center">0.118</td><td align="center">0.354<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.335<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.140</td><td align="center">0.222</td><td align="center">0.056</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="padding-left:1.31em;">Right cuneus</td><td align="center">0.034</td><td align="center">0.263</td><td align="center">0.434<sup>##</sup></td><td align="center">0.348<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.402<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.052</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;padding-left:1.31em;">Left calcarine cortex</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.094</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.181</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.185</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.194</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.112</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.125</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T005.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="60.00000000"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T005c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79998779" height="60.00000000"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05； <sup>##</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T6"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000–1492.2026.06.020.T006</object-id><label>表6</label><caption><p>牙周指标与认知功能相关性分析<italic>r</italic>值</p></caption><abstract abstract-type="caption" xml:lang="en"><label>Tab.6</label><title><italic>r</italic> values for the correlations of periodontal indices and cognitive function</title></abstract><alternatives><table id="Table6"><thead><tr><th align="left" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">Cognitive scale</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">BOP （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD=1-3 mm （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD=4-5 mm （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">PD≥6 mm （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL=0-2 mm （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL=3-4 mm （%）</th><th align="center" style="border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;">CAL≥5 mm （%）</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr align="center"><td align="left">MMSE</td><td align="center">-0.086</td><td align="center">0.049</td><td align="center">0.066</td><td align="center">-0.183</td><td align="center">0.150</td><td align="center">-0.125</td><td align="center">-0.124</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-immediate</td><td align="center">-0.205</td><td align="center">0.195</td><td align="center">-0.100</td><td align="center">-0.242</td><td align="center">0.278</td><td align="center">-0.222</td><td align="center">-0.244</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-delayed</td><td align="center">-0.327<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.315</td><td align="center">-0.333<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">-0.160</td><td align="center">0.294</td><td align="center">-0.195</td><td align="center">-0.308</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">AVLT-recall</td><td align="center">0.058</td><td align="center">0.249</td><td align="center">-0.203</td><td align="center">-0.206</td><td align="center">0.207</td><td align="center">-0.064</td><td align="center">-0.308</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left">DST-forward</td><td align="center">-0.338<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center">0.482<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.490<sup>##*</sup></td><td align="center">-0.271</td><td align="center">0.614<sup>###**</sup></td><td align="center">-0.663<sup>###***</sup></td><td align="center">-0.321</td></tr><tr align="center"><td align="left" style="border-bottom:solid;">DST-backward</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.396<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.200</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.141</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.195</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">0.184</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.094</td><td align="center" style="border-bottom:solid;">-0.228</td></tr></tbody></table><graphic specific-use="big" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T006.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79995728" height="35.70000076"?></graphic><graphic specific-use="small" xlink:href="alternativeImage/A6D52A9B-4063-41a4-8A22-5D0937190B92-T006c.jpg"><?fx-imagestate width="169.79995728" height="35.70000076"?></graphic></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05； <sup>##</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.01； <sup>###</sup>Raw <italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001； <sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR</sub>&lt;0.05； <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR</sub>&lt;0.01； <sup>***</sup><italic>P</italic><sub>FDR</sub>&lt;0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><label>3</label><title>讨论</title><p>本研究通过静息态功能磁共振成像探索了认知正常中老年人群中，轻度牙周炎与中重度牙周炎患者间ALFF、fALFF的差异，以及与认知功能的相关性。结果显示，与轻度牙周炎组相比，中重度牙周炎组在多个脑区的ALFF、fALFF值显著下降。还发现不同严重程度牙周炎之间的ALFF、fALFF差异与牙周临床指标及认知功能显著相关，提示其可能具有潜在的生物标志物价值。</p><p>左侧距状皮层是接收、整合和处理从视网膜传递的视觉信息的重要脑区，来自视觉皮层处理后的信息随后被发送到大脑的其他区域进行分析和利用<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">12</xref>］</sup>；右侧枕上回参与视觉<italic>-</italic>空间注意信息加工与视觉工作记忆的编码<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">13</xref>］</sup>。中重度牙周炎组该类脑区ALFF和fALFF减低，提示牙周炎严重程度增加可能与视觉信息处理与整合功能的差异有关。舌回和楔回等视觉皮层区域有助于形成和提取具有强烈知觉感的体验，系统性记忆抑制会使右侧海马体和视觉皮层之间的功能连接降低，从而导致遗忘<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">14</xref>］</sup>。因此，楔叶和舌回的神经元活动降低可能与相关认知测试（如AVLT、DST测试）表现不佳有关。这种脑区特异性的神经认知关联提示神经活动异常可能是牙周炎与认知表现关联的潜在神经影像学基础之一。中央前、后回分别对应初级运动皮层和初级躯体感觉皮层<sup>［<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">15</xref>］</sup>，共同构成感觉<italic>-</italic>运动整合的核心环路。该类脑区自发活动强度下降，可能与中重度牙周炎患者潜在的运动协调性降低、躯体感觉敏感性异常相关，推测与慢性炎症对运动感觉通路神经元活性的抑制有关。</p><p>本研究结果显示，牙周炎进展相关的临床指标［BOP（%），PD=4~5 mm（%），PD≥6 mm（%），CAL=3~4 mm（%）和CAL≥5 mm（%）］与部分脑区的ALFF及fALFF呈负相关，而反映牙周炎非进展的相关指标［PD=1~3 mm（%）和CAL=0~2 mm（%）］与部分脑区的ALFF及fALFF呈正相关。这表明，随着牙周炎严重程度的增加，部分脑区的自发性大脑活动强度降低，该结果可能提示牙周状况可能成为早期识别脑功能异常的潜在指标。</p><p>此外，部分脑区的ALFF、fALFF值与AVLT测试和DST测试成绩呈正相关，说明脑区自发活动水平的下降与工作记忆或注意功能下降有关，可以推测炎症相关的神经调控改变可能参与解释牙周炎与认知表现之间的关联。这一结果为理解牙周炎与认知功能下降的病理生理机制提供了新的证据。</p><p>本研究仍存在一些局限性。首先，本研究的样本量相对较小，这可能使得部分相关性分析的研究结果未能通过多重比较校正，未来研究需更大样本量以验证结果。其次，本研究采用横断面设计，这些结果反映了相关性，但不能确定因果关系。未来需要进行纵向、干预性和联合影像学<italic>-</italic>口腔健康随访研究，以探究潜在的因果机制。第三，并未收集患者的血清炎症因子，因此对神经炎症机制的推断尚属间接。未来研究应结合血清炎症相关指标，以更全面地揭示其内在机制。</p><p>综上所述，本研究揭示了在认知正常的中老年人群中，牙周炎严重程度与特定脑区ALFF、fALFF及认知能力存在相关性，提示牙周健康状况可能与脑功能状态及认知表现存在关联。这些发现不仅深化了对牙周炎与脑功能之间联系的理解，而且为口腔健康与AD之间的潜在联系提供了初步见解，为进一步探索潜在机制提供了理论基础。</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>参考文献</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print" xml:lang="en"><person-group><name name-style="eastern"><surname>Kwon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>， <name 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