〔Abstract〕 As a functional anatomical marker of cellular activity and neural circuitry，c-Fos protein has been ex- tensively utilized in studies which investigate neuroendocrine regulation，autonomic nervous system activity，and behavioral responses to stress. Recent research in ophthalmology has revealed that dynamic c - Fos expression is closely associated with pathophysiological processes such as retinal ganglion cell apoptosis，visual cortical plastic- ity，photodamage repair，and angiogenesis. This review aims to summarize the mechanistic roles of c-Fos protein in ocular diseases including glaucoma，amblyopia，and retinopathy，as well as exploring potential therapeutic ap- proaches targeting c-Fos modulation. The studies have shown that the activation of c-Fos protein can promote the development of neurons in the visual cortex，and the inhibition of c-Fos can delay the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells，neuroglia and photoreceptors in retinal and optic nerve diseases.