〔Abstract〕 In recent years, the prevalence of myopia in children and adolescents has continued to rise in China, followed by an increasing incidence of pathological myopia. Pathological myopia results from excessive axial elongation, with posterior scleral staphyloma and various fundus changes as the main characteristics. It has become a leading cause of blindness in China, causing a serious social burden. However, the attention on pathological myopia is still limited. The prevention and treatment of pathological myopia is difficult since it has plenty of risk factors and many complications with lifelong progress. Pathological myopia, as the key and difficult point in myopia prevention and control, deserves great attention from the whole society.