〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin 1 receptor a(IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism and different outcomes in asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis(aBV) patients with the aim of grouping and managing aBV patients. Methods In study on the natural attribution of aBV patients, all patients were enrolled and a sample of venous blood and vaginal lavage fluid were separately frozen. After 4 months at the end of the clinical study, patients who completed the study were divided into three groups based on clinical outcomes: self-healing, progressive, and unchanged. The IL-1Ra gene polymorphism, the concentration of IL-1β and IL-1Ra were tested, and the differences in the above indicators among three groups of patients with different outcomes were compared. Results 1 014 Chinese Han female patients were enrolled, and 984 patients completed clinical follow-up and obtained clinical outcome data. 13 specimens were unusable during testing, with a total of 971 specimens completed the test. IL-1Ra gene was detected in all patients, with three genotypes: A1/A1, A1/A2, and A2/A2. Most population had a genotype of A1/A1, with the rarest genotype being A2/A2. No rare genotype of female was found. The frequency of A2alleles in the progression group was significantly higher than that in the self-healing group(P<0.05). IL-1β and IL-1Ra were detected in all vaginal lavage fluid samples. Compared with the progression group, IL-1β in the self-healing group was significantly lower(P<0.05). When carrying the A2allele, IL-1β in progression group was relatively low, while the level of IL-1Ra was relatively high. The values of the unchanged group were middle. Conclusion The polymorphism characteristics of the IL-1Ra gene in aBV patients are related to the IL-1Ra content in vaginal secretions. Carrying allele A2is related to the elevation of IL-1Ra, the decrease of IL-1β in vaginal secretions. Carrying allele A2may affect the clinical outcome of aBV by some potential mechanism.