〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the expression pattern, underlying function and clinical significance of Guanylate-binding protein 1(GBP1) in pulmonary tuberculosis(pTB). Methods Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the expression of GBP1 in pTB specimensand control samples. Combined with Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) datasets, including GSE83456 and GSE34608, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was depicted to assess the diagnostic value of GBP1 in pTB. Then, the correlation between GBP1 and related regulatory factors was analyzed by protein-protein interaction network(PPI); Finally, the potential molecular mechanism of GBP1 in pTB was probed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA). Results Compared with the control group, GBP1 was significantly overexpressed in human pTB samples, including lung tissue and blood.The positive rate of GBP1 protein in pTB was 73.9%. ROC curve analysis revealed that GBP1 might have important value in early diagnosis of pTB. GSEA analysis suggested that the hyper-expression of GBP1 was closely related to the host inflammatory response, IFN-γ/α signaling pathway and TNF-α/IL-6 signal transduction. Conclusion GBP1 is highly expressed in pTB tissues and is involved in the process of inflammatory response and host anti-tuberculosis infection; GBP1 may be used as an early diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for pTB.