〔Abstract〕 The cranial suture complex is made up of fibrous tissue with mesenchyme, an osteogenic front, the dura mater beneath, and an overlying periosteum. The dura mater is a layer of fibrous connective tissue that protects the brain and spinal cord, containing blood and lymphatic vessels. It is important for the progression of cranial osteogenesis during early development, as well as the cranial morphology and the state of the cranial suture later in life. Cranial suture mesenchymal stem cells are primarily found in the cranial suture and can proliferate, differentiate into osteoblasts, generate cranial bone, and aid in the repair of cranial bone after injury. Understanding how cranial suture mesenchymal stem cells interact with the dura mater is critical for cranial growth and development, as well as the treatment of cranial diseases. This article reviews the roles of dura mater and cranial suture mesenchymal stem cells in cranial bone formation.