〔Abstract〕 Alzheimer′s disease(AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Since there are currently no effective treatment options, early diagnosis is crucial for slowing the progression of the disease. The retina and the brain share a common embryological origin and exhibit similarities in both anatomical structure and vascular system. In the early stages of AD, patients may develop visual symptoms due to changes in the visual cortex circuitry and associated retinal alterations. Therefore, in recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the role of the retinal vascular network in the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and precision intervention of neurodegenerative diseases. This review overviews the changes in the visual cortex circuitry and retinal vascular network in AD patients, their underlying mechanisms, the relationship between neural circuits and visual disorders, and introduces novel diagnostic methods in retinal research.