〔Abstract〕 To provide evidence for strengthening tuberculosis control in Inner Mongolia by analyzing changes and influencing factors in public awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control information among residents between the early stage and 17 years after the implementation of the directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy. Methods Based on the "National Public Knowledge, Belief and Behavior Questionnaire on Tuberculosis Prevention and Control" designed by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a questionnaire survey was conducted among residents in Inner Mongolia using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis, and binary Logistic regression was employed to explore the influencing factors of public awareness of tuberculosis prevention and control information. Results The overall awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control among the public was 67.7% in 2006, and it decreased to 49.2% in 2023 (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed: Compared with the groups aged 15~29, illiterate and semi-illiterate, those with public medical care, and those with three or fewer family members, the awareness rate of the groups aged 60 and above (OR=0.689), those with primary and junior high school education (OR=0.856), and those with self-paid medical care (OR=0.468) was significantly lower in 2006. The awareness rate was relatively high in groups with more than 3 family members (OR=1.236) (P<0.05). Compared with the groups aged 15~29, illiterate and semi- illiterate, married, Han ethnicity, employed, and those receiving public medical care, the awareness rate was higher among the groups aged 30~59 (OR=1.976), 60 and above (OR=2.224), those with high school education and above (OR=2.801), and single (OR=2.244) in 2023. However, the awareness rates of ethnic minorities (OR=0.737), the unemployed (OR=0.557), and self-funded medical care (OR=0.497) groups were significantly lower (P<0.05). Conclusion Public awareness of TB prevention knowledge in Inner Mongolia remains suboptimal. Strengthening diversified health education campaigns, addressing social stigma, and improving healthcare access are critical to enhance regional TB control outcomes.