〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the effects of one night of sleep deprivation on adults' cognitive performance and sleepiness. Methods The study employed a repeated-measures design. Participants performed cognitive performance tasks, which included the Continuous Performance Test and Digit Span Test and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. The data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results 48 participants were included in this study. Sleep deprivation during night shift had a adversely affect on sustained attention performance and alertness(P<0.05). Compared with the beginning of night shift work, the correct number decreased, the number of errors, missed number and reaction time increased, and the score of Karolinska sleepiness scale decreased after the night shift work. The sleep deprivation has no significant effect on working memory performance(P>0.05). Conclusion One night of sleep deprivation has significant deleterious effects on cognitive performance and subjective sleepiness. However, no effect on the working memory performances has been found.