〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the factors affecting therapeutic effect and short-term prognosis of anlotinib in the treatment of advanced lung cancer by comparing the efficacy and prognosis between different groups so as to provide theoretical basis for improving anlotinib's clinical treatment. Methods The general data, efficacy data and prognosis data of 81 advanced lung cancer patients treated with anlotinib were collected retrospectively. The efficacy and prognosis were compared between different groups. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to analyze the factors affecting efficacy and short-term prognosis. Results After anlotinib treatment, the objective response rate among 81 patients was 8.6%(7/81), the disease control rate was 56.8%(46/81), the follow-up time was 0.7～10.0 months and the median progression free survival time was 3.2 months(95%CI=2.149～4.317 months). Logistic regression analysis showed that influencing factors of the efficacy of anlotinib in the treatment of advanced lung cancer were gender(OR=3.034, 95%CI=1.072～8.584,P=0.037) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG) score before treatment(OR=5.523, 95%CI=1.557～19.588,P=0.008). Cox regression analysis showed that influencing factors of the short-term prognosis of patients with advanced lung cancer treated with anlotinib were gender(HR=2.317, 95%CI=1.312～4.091,P=0.004), family history of cancer(HR=4.556, 95%CI=1.562～13.285,P=0.005) and ECOG score before treatment(HR=2.187, 95%CI=1.178～4.060,P=0.013). Conclusion The efficacy of anlotinib in the treatment of advanced lung cancer is influenced by gender and ECOG score before treatment. Female, family history of cancer and high ECOG score before treatment are the important factors leading to poor prognosis of anlotinib in the treatment of advanced lung cancer patients.