〔Abstract〕 Objective To examine the association between the health literacy(HL) and the levels of serum inflammatory factors in middle school students, and provide evidence for a deeper understanding of the adverse health effects caused by low HL. Methods A total of 911 junior and high school students from a middle school in Shenyang were enrolled by convenient cluster sampling method in December 2017. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from participants and the value of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) in serum were determined by chemiluminescence. The Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire(CAIHLQ) was applied to estimate the level of HL. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation test. Results The students were 13.92～16.83(15.41±1.73) years old, among which 479(52.6%) were boys. The scores of HL of students were 106.34±19.06. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were represented by the median(P25,P75), TNF-α was 5.63(4.84, 6.64) ng/L, IL-6 was 3.05(2.43, 3.98) ng/L. The scores of HL in all girls, junior school girls and high school girls were negatively correlated with TNF-α level and spearman correlation coefficients were-0.133,-0.201 and-0.121, respectively(P<0.05). The scores of HL in all junior school students and junior school girls were negatively correlated with IL-6 level and spearman correlation coefficients were-0.343 and-0.708, respectively(P<0.05). Conclusion The scores of HL are negatively correlated with TNF-α and IL-6 level in junior school girls.