〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the roles of transient receptor potentia1 vanilloid 1(TRPV 1) and oxytocin receptor(OTR) in the mechanism of dysmenorrhea in adenomyosis. Methods The ectopic endometrium(EC) and the homologous eutopic endometrium(EU) were selected from 60 patients with adenomyosis surgery, and the control endometrium(CE) of patients without endometriosis was used as control. Streptavidin-Peroxidase immunohistochemistry staining(SP) was used to detect the localization of TRPV 1 and OTR in the tissues, and the expression of TRPV 1 and OTR was detected by Western blot. The degree of dysmenorrhea was scored by visual analogue scale/score(VAS), and its correlation with the TRPV 1 and OTR was analyzed. Results The expression of TRPV 1 and OTR in EC was higher than that in EU and CE(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between EU and CE. In EC, the expression of TRPV 1 and OTR in the severe dysmenorrhea group was higher than that in the mild and moderate groups(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the mild dysmenorrhea group and the moderate group. The expression of TRPV 1 and OTR was positively correlated with the severity of dysmenorrhea(rs=0.280,P<0.05;rs=0.318,P<0.05); the expression of TRPV 1 and OTR was positively correlated(rs=0.287,P<0.05). Conclusion TRPV 1 and OTR may play a synergistic role in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea in patients with adenomyosis, which are important predictors of dysmenorrhea severity and potential therapeutic targets.